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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 4 factors that maek mental illness challenging to study?
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1. Diverse disorders with fuzzy boundaries (one category may include many diseases; one diesase may be present in several forms)
2. Distinction between "ill" nad "odd" depends on culture and politics,a s well as psychology and medicine 3. Disease of mind or brain (softward or hardware)? 4. It is difficult to tell if these diseases are uniquely human ~ difficult to test in animals |
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What is an endophenotype?
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A measurable, heritable characteristic associated with a disorder (biochemical, electrophysiological, psychological, anatomical, etc), which facilitates research with animal models; hwoever, their relevance to the disease is questionable
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What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
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1. Disorganized thoughts
2. Disorganized language 3. Delusiosn of influence, gradeur, and/or persection 4. Hallucinations 5. Bizarre behavior 6. Inappropriate or flat affect 7. Lack of motivation 8. Lack of insight |
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Wahta re the main types of schizophrenia?
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1. Paranoid
2. Catatonic - extreme inactivity or activity detached from environment 3. Disorganized/hebephrenic - disorganized thoughts and inappropriate emotional expression 4. Simple/undifferentiated |
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When does schizophrenia typically onset?
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Late teens
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Describe the progression of schizophrenia.
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Starts with "prodromal" phase of isolation and eccentricity ~ rapid progression to psychotic episodes with "positive symptons," such as hallucinations and delusions ~ alternate wti periods dominated by "negative symptons," such as isoolation and flat affect
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Describe the prevalence of schizophrenia.
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~1%; little difference among gender, nationalities, and racial/ethnic groups
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How was schizophrenia delt with in the 19th century?
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Attributed to demons and brain dmanage, so practiced trphining (drilling holes in the head) and phrenology
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What part of the brain is thought to be involved in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Mesocortical system
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What part of the brain is thought to be involved with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Mesolimbic system
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What are 4 problems with the dopamine hypothesis and dopamine-based therapy?
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1. Not all symptoms explained by teh dopamine hypothesis
2. Evidence for other neurotransmitter involvemenet (the gluatamate hypothesis) 3. Antipsychotics based on dopamine system have amny side effects 4. These drugs treat psoitive symptoms of schizophrenia far better than the negative symptoms |
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What is the concordance among identical twins for schizophrenia?
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If one identcail twin has it, there is a 50% chance the other will.
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What is the concordance among dizygotic twins for schizophrenia?
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20%
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What was though to cause schizophrenia during The Age of Freud (1900-1960)?
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Dysfunctional family (loss of a parent; schizophrenogenic mother, double bind (receiving contradictory messages from a higher authority))
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Who thought shicozphrenia was a reaction to an irrational world? When was this theory put forth?
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R.D. Lang in the 1960s
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What are the 6 treatments for schizophrenia?
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1. Trephining
2. Psychotherapy 3. Electroshock 4. Lobotomy 5. Insulin shock 6. Antipsychotic (chlorpromazine) |
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What is the concordance for biological relatives of adopted schizophrenics?
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14%
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What is the concordance for adoptive relatives of adopted schizophrenics?
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2.7%
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What might 2 non-genetic components of schizophrenia?
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1. Birth trauma (hypoxia)
2. Virus infection during pregnancy |
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What are 5 anxiety disorders?
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1. Panic disorder
2. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 3. Genearlized anxiety disorder 4. Phobias 5. Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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What type of chemicals are used to treat anxiety disorder?
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GABA receptor potentiators, such as diazepam (valium); xanax and librium are relatives
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Describe 4 characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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1. Exposure to traumatic effect and response of intense fear
2. Recurrent distressing intrusive symptoms (such as recollections and flashbacks) 3. Avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma 4. Increased arousal |
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What are some medications for PTSD?
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1. Antidepressnat (such as MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antidrepressants)
2. Antipsychotics (sucha s class and atypical antipsychotics) 3. antimanic medications (sucha s benzodiazepines) 4. Anxiety-reducing medications (such as atypical anxiolytics) |
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Which part of memory requires protein synthesis?
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Consolidation and reconsolidation (recall recontributes to long-term memory)
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What can decrease recall of memories?
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Preventing synthesis of new proteins during tests of recall decreases subsequent recall
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What did Alain Brunet and Scott P. Orr show?
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Pateitns with PTSD were given a placebo or propranolol (which acts like protein synthesis inhibitors and blocks reconsolidation); after a week when they were asked to read a description of the traumatic event and imagine it, those with propranolol recalled more poorly
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What is agoraphobia?
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Anxiety about places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing
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What chemical does the hypothalamus send to the anterior pituitary in order to get it to secrete ACTH?
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CRH
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What is HPA?
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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Describe the push- pull regulation of HPA.
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Amygdala activation stimulate sthe HPA systema dnthe stress response; hippocampus has glucocoritcoid receptors taht are senstivie to circulating cortisol, so provides feedback and suppresses HPA in order to prevent excessive cortisol release
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What can make the GABA receptor more receptive to GABA?
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Benzodiazepine and ethanol
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What does PCP do?
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When NMDA is open because of presence of glutamate PCP sites are exposed; when PCP binds, it blocks entry of glutamate which produces symptoms of schizophrenia
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What happens when mice have fewer NMDA receptors?
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They become more socially withdrawn
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