Mcb 80 - Lecture 23

Front 1

Who found the waggle dance of the honey bee?

Back 1

Karl Von Frisch

Front 2

How does a bee indicate a food source directly towards the sun? How does it indicate one 20 degrees to the left of the sun.

Back 2

The position of the sun is "up," so the bee would dance directly up to indicate food directly towards the sun and 20 degrees to the left of the sun to indicate food 20 degrees to the left of the sun.

Front 3

How do bees indicate direction?

Back 3

Waggle angle vs. the sun

Front 4

How do bees indicate distance?

Back 4

Waggle time

Front 5

How do bees indicate food quality?

Back 5

Number of repetitions

Front 6

Describe the communication system of vervet monkeys.

Back 6

~30 calls with distinct alarm calls for eagles and hawks, leopards, and snakes; not considered a language, because do not convey new ideals; this communication is ininate, hwereas language has learned components

Front 7

WHat are 2 diffrences between communication and language?

Back 7

1. Communication is innate whereas language is innate and learned
2. Communication convey sinformation, whereas language can also convey new ideas

Front 8

How is language studied?

Back 8

1. Initially by analyzing disorders of language
2. Now by neuroimaging and even genetics
3. Using animals that are "vocal learners," which thus have at least a few aspects of language

Front 9

In which types of aphasia is repetition impaired (cannot repeat words when asked)?

Back 9

1. Broca's aphasia
2. Wernicke's aphasia
3. Impaired repetition

Front 10

What is imparied for conduction aphasia?

Back 10

Just repetition; production and comprehension are fine

Front 11

What part of the brain is damaged in conduction aphasia?

Back 11

The arcuate fasciculus (which contains neurons travelling from Wernicke's area to Broca's area.

Front 12

What is the angular gyrus?

Back 12

Place where language is somehow processed so it can be forwarded for production; Wernicke's sends signal there, which then sends it to Broca's.

Front 13

Which hemisphere is responsible fo rthe analysis of the right visual field?

Back 13

Left hemisphere

Front 14

Which hemisphere is repsonsible for the right hand (stereognosis)?

Back 14

Left hemisphere

Front 15

Which hemisphere is responsible for lexical and syntactic language?

Back 15

Left hemisphere

Front 16

What hemisphere is responsible for the emotional coloring of language?

Back 16

Right hemisphere

Front 17

Which hemisphere is responsible for writing?

Back 17

Left hemisphere

Front 18

Which hemisphere is responsiblef ro spatial abilities

Back 18

Right

Front 19

Which hemisphere is responsiblef or speech?

Back 19

Left

Front 20

Which hemisphere is responsible for rudimentary speech?

Back 20

Right

Front 21

How do PET scans work?

Back 21

Detect gamma rays emitted by a radioisotope introduced into the body on a tagged molecule; look at blood flow to see normal activity

Front 22

How does fMRI work?

Back 22

Measures the magnetic movement of blood in the brain, which is proportional to local neural activity.

Front 23

How does PET analyze looking at words?

Back 23

Looking at words - looking at objects

Front 24

How does PET analyze listening to words?

Back 24

Words presented visually and orally

Front 25

How does PET analyze speaking words?

Back 25

Repeating spoken words - listening to words

Front 26

How does PET analyze thinking of words?

Back 26

Say a related word - erpeat spoken word

Front 27

Describe al anguage modeality that is localized with fMRI.

Back 27

There is an area active when saying nouns rather than verbs, and an area active when saying verbs rather than nouns; subtractive tests tshow how the images subtract from each other

Front 28

WHat are 5 components of language?

Back 28

1. Semantics (meaning)
2. Syntax (grammar)
3. Morphology (words)
4. Phonology (sounds)
4. Prosody (tone - ptich, rhythm, tempo)

Front 29

WHat is prosody?

Back 29

Tone - pitch, rhythm, tempo

Front 30

What is SLI?

Back 30

Developmental disorders that selectively affect language processing; inabilty ot acquire phonological, semantic, and/or syntactic information

Front 31

What are 3 issues SLI is not related to?

Back 31

1. Impaired intelligence
2. Poor learning environment
3. Hearing problems

Front 32

Describe when "KE" family

Back 32

Problems in articulating words & problems with grammar & phonology; few problems in comprehension or cognition; when aimagine something, it did not activate broca's accordingly; 1/2 of offpspring from original generation are retarded; studied a 3-generation pedigree

Front 33

What task was the KE family give and what were their results?

Back 33

Convert language taskin, in which asked to imagine giving a verbal response to a quesiton; normally, when imagining, Broca's area lights up; with KE family, it did not apporopriately light up

Front 34

What was genetically abnormal about the KE family?

Back 34

Mutated FoxP2 gene; gene also mutated in someone with similar conditions outside of the family; locus SPCH1 in the region 7q31 on chromosome 7

Front 35

What does FoxP2 code for?

Back 35

Transcription factor for other genes involved in development of speech areas

Front 36

What are 3 pieces of evidence that suggest there is a critical period for the development of language

Back 36

1. Recdovery from damage is much better in children than addults; fro ex., after a period of temporary ahpasia, children can recover language in the opposite hemisphere
2. Children raised without hearing speech may find it impossible to learn speech later
3. Learning a secon dlanguage is easier when young; accent is nearly inevitable when second language is learned after early teens

Front 37

What is a formant?

Back 37

Reigon where most sound Energy is, as seen on sund spectrogram

Front 38

What is the basic sound called from which words are made?

Back 38

Phonemes; vowels and consonants; generated from formants

Front 39

How can phonemes be defined/distinguished?

Back 39

Differences in frequency or timing of formants; times and frequencies are continuous, such as voice onset time, but we categorize them to identify phonemes

Front 40

What are we most sensitive to regarding the identification of phonemes?

Back 40

Differences at the category boundary

Front 41

How are phonemic distinctions analyzed in babies?

Back 41

Head-turn procedure: if say one phoneme for a while, babies get bored then look away; when say a different phoneme, baby looks back

Front 42

When does the critical period end for universal speeh perception?

Back 42

7 months

Front 43

When doe sthe critical period end for universal speech production?

Back 43

10 months

Front 44

When doe sthe period when when infants can discriminate phonetic contrasts of all languages?

Back 44

4 months

Front 45

When does language-specific speech perception set in?

Back 45

6 months

Front 46

When does language-specific speech production set in?

Back 46

10 months

Front 47

When does language specific perception of vowels beign?

Back 47

6 months

Front 48

When does canonical babbling begin?

Back 48

7 months

Front 49

When does langauge-specific recognition of sound combinations begin?

Back 49

9 months

Front 50

When are first words typically produced?

Back 50

12 months

Front 51

Give 4 examples of vocal learners.

Back 51

1. Humans
2. Dolphins
3. Bats
4. Songbirds (sparrow, parrot, canary, hummingbird, zebra finch)

Front 52

What do action potentials recorded from a neuron in the bird's song system show (from sound spectrogram)?

Back 52

Birds are attuned to their own song

Front 53

How is the vocal learning of zebra finches different from that of parrots?

Back 53

Parrots can learn new songs

Front 54

What are the 3 phases of song learning?

Back 54

1. Sensory learning, in which teh bird hears the song, but cannot sing; creates a "template"
2. Motor learning, in which the bird practice and gradually perfects his song, but no longer needs to hear a tutor; leads to crystallized song

Front 55

How many days after hatching does the sensory phase last?

Back 55

60

Front 56

When is the motor learning phase for birds?

Back 56

50-90 days after hatching

Front 57

When does the crysatllized song occur in birds?

Back 57

90 days after hatching

Front 58

If the FOXP2 was removed from teh song system of a bird, what happened?

Back 58

Sang, but poorly imitated tutor

Front 59

Describe the pathway for repeating a spoken word.

Back 59

Auditory cortex - Wernicke's area - arcuate fasciculus - Broca's area - motor cortex

Front 60

Describe the pathway for repeating a written word.

Back 60

Primary visual cortex - Angular gyrus (auditory word recognition) - Wernicke's area - Broca's area - motor cortex

Front 61

Describe what happens if a split brain patient sees a word in the left visual field.

Back 61

If a split-brain person sees a word in the left visual field, he will say he ees nothing, becuas eht elft hemisphere, which usually controls spech, did not see the word and the right hemisphere which saw the word, cannot speak.

Front 62

Is birdsong a sexually dimorphic behavior?

Back 62

Yes, only the males tend to sing

Front 63

What is the syrinx activated by in birds?

Back 63

Motor neurons of the nucleus of cranial nerve XII, which are in turn controlled by a set of hgiher nuclei collectivley called the volcal control regions (VCRs)

Front 64

What happens if a hatchling female zebra finch is exposed to testosterone or estradiol?

Back 64

Her VCR will be large than those of normal females, because Zebra finches require early doses of steroids to organize their VCRs adn later androgens toa ctivate them

Front 65

What happens if an adult female canary is given androgens for the first time?

Back 65

She will sing normally within the 3 weeks, because male androgens surge each spring and their VCRs double in size as neurons grow larger dendrites and more synapse and singing commences; (neurogenesis continues throughout life)