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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 6 categories of emotion?
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1. calm/pleasure/elation
2. Sadness 3. anxiety/fear 4. frustration/anger 5. aversion/disgust/hatred 6. surprise/startle |
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What are diseases of affect?
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Diseases of feeling or emotion, especially as manifested by facial expression of body language
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Elaborate on the idea that emotion is phylogenically ol.d
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Probably all vertebrates get mad (fish fights; nasty birds)
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Describe emotion in invertebrates.
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Fighting fruit flies; octopuses invert their bodies and expose their suckers when want food; when not given food, swim back and forth in their tanks and turn red
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What are hte 2 main components of emotion (each with its own neuronal pathway)?
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1. PHysical expression/emotional state
2. Conscious feeling/conscious sensation |
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Describe what neurologically corresponds to the physical expression of emotion.
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Peripheral autonomic, endocrine, and motor systems by way of subcortical structures (amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem)
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Describe what neurologically corresponds to the conscious feeling of emotion.
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Cerebral cortex (cingulate and frontal lobes and amygdala)
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What is unnecessary for the physical expression of emotion and who showed this.
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Cerebral cortex and anterior hypothalamus are unnecessary; Bard removed both cerebral hemispheres in cats (including the anterior hypothalamus) and they still showed "sham rage"
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Is the posterior hypothalamus necessary for the physical expression of emotion?
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Yes
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What did Hess do regarding emotion?
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Showed that he could instantly elicit rage and attack behavior or fear by stimulating the hypothaalamus in awake normal cats
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Describe teh importance of facial expression for emotion.
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Emotional expression n humans is more about he fact than ody language; epxressions are found throughout all humankind, so intrinsic not cultural
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What did Paul Ekman show?
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Facial expressiona re intrinsic not cultural
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Describe the mouth assymetry in babies (when do they have assymetry and on what side)?
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- Right mouth asymmetry (did not move) while babbbling (because langauge in left hemisphere?)
- Equal mouth opening while nonbabbling - Left mouth asymmetry while smiling, because emotions in right hemisphere |
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What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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(Bilateral removal of the tmemporal lobes in monkeys) causes fearlessness and tameness
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Where is the conscious sensation of emotion located?
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The cingulate, parahippocampal, and prefrontla cortex
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What did John Downer do?
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Created an animal with a single amygdala that had access to visual informaiton from one eye on the same side of the head by removing one amygdala in monkeys and transecting the optic chiams and the commisures (corpus callosum) that link the two hemisphers; found that the animals' behavior depended on which eye was used to view the world. When the monkey used the ey on the side with the amygdala, it was afriad of humans and aggressive. WHen it used the eye on the side wihtout he amygdala, it was dame
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Describe the different responses in the brain as seen by fMRI when facing fearful faces vs. happy or neutral faces.
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When faced with fearful faces, increased activity in the amygdala; do not show increased blood flow to ahppy faces or neutral faces
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Who showed the location of fear in humans (fMRI blood flow to amygdala)?
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Breitner
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Describe S.M.
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An arrtist with Urbach-Wiethe disease, which aused bilateral destruction of the amygdalas, so could not recgonize frightened faces and was herself fearless; could draw other emotions, but not "afraid."
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What are 2 theories of emotion?
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1. James-Lange Theory: we experience emotion in resopnse to physiological changes in our body We feel sad, because we cry and not the other way round; the physical changes are the emotion
2. Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotional feeling can occur independently of emotional expression |
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What are 4 pieces of evidence that support the James-Lange Theory?
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1. Meditation strips away teh physical sides of stress and makes us "feel" better
2. Patietns with spinal cord transection loack feedback from the autonomic nervous system and appear to experience a reduction in the intensity of their emotions 3. Forced smiling sometimes makes you feel better 4. Inability to smile causes depression |
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What are 2 pieces of evidence that support the Cannon-Bard Theory?
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1. There is a lack of reliable correlation between experience of emotion and the physiological state of the body; for example, heart rate rise, sweating, and decreased digestion are signs of both fear and anger
2. Subliminal cues go right to expression without every giving an emotional feeling |
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Describe conditioned fear responses.
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Pairing a neural stimulus (a stone) and an aversive one (foot shock); eventually, the tone alone gives the animal all the emotional expressions of fear; tones and chocks processed in the amygdala, so this is likely the place where learning the assocaition occurs
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What must be in tact for conditioned fear response to occur (between tone and fear)?
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- Medial geniculate (auditory thalamus) pathway to amygdala
- Amygdala to hgypothalamus needs to be intact for blood pressure rise - Amygdala to reticular formation need to bac in tact for freezing |
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Describe how the conditioned fear response is learned in terms of neurotransmitters.
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The pain and sound input release glutamate; glutamate from teh tone opens Ca2+ channel only whe the postsynaptic membrane is already depolarized (in this case by the pain input); thus, only weak inputsa re synchronously active with the pain input; the Ca2+ entry then causes new glutamate receptors to inset into the postsynaptic site, potentiating the weak synapse
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What is the lifetime incidence of depression?
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10-25% in women; 5-12% in men
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In people with depression, which areas of the brain have increased blood flow?
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Amygdala, orbital, and medial prefrontal cortex
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Which area is overactive in treatment-resistant depression?
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The subgenual cingulate region (Brodmann area 25)
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What happened chronic deep brain stimulation was applied to the white matter adjacent to the subngenual cingulate gyrus?
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Associated with a striking and sustained remission of depression; associated with decreases in blood flow
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What is Mayberg known for doing?
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Deep brain stimulation
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What happened if an angry face was shown followed by an expressionless face?
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Claimed to have only seen expressionless face, but still had increased ANS activity
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Describe the Papez circuit.
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Pepz believed that hte experience of emotion was determined by the cingulate cortex (which sent message to hippocampus via fornix) to hypothalamus which sends back to cingulate cortex via anterior nuclei of thalamus
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What is the difference in neural activity in the amygdala in response to ahppy vs. neutral faces?
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No difference
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When a sound is played that one has become conditioned to fear, what is the response once it reaches the amygdala?
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- Sends signal to cerebral cortex for emotional experience of fear
- Sends to central nucleus, where relayed to hypothalamus for autonomic response; gray matter in brain stem for behavioral reaction; and diffuse modulatory systems to increase vigilance |
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What happens to emotion if the cerebral hemispheres are removed and the hypothalamus is left intact?
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Sham rage results
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What happens if the anterior hypothalamus is removed in addition to the cerebral cortex?
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Sham rage results
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What happens if the posterior hypothalamus is removed in addition to the anterior hypothalamus?
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Sham rage does not result
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What emotional circuit leads to aggressive behavior?
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Cerebral cortex to amygdala to Pag, ventral tegmental area and/or hypothalamus then PAG then aggressive behavior
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