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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Movement of air
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Air enters through external nares --> nasal cavity --> pharynx ---> larynx--> trachea --> main stem bronchi -->bronchioles --> alveoli
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Pharynx
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-behind nasal cavity & at the back of the mouth - pathway for air and food |
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Larynx
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- pathway for air ONLY - opening covered by epiglottis to avoid food - contains 2 vocal cords |
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Alveoli
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- coated with surfactant to decrease surface tension -surrounded by a network of capillaries |
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Thoracic cavity
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- from trachea to the bottom of the lungs (diaphragm) - outside is formed by the chest wall |
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Pleurae
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- forms a closed sac against which the lung expands - inside lung = visceral pleura - outside lung = parietal pleura - inside the sac = intrapleural space |
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inhalation
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- muscles: diaphragm and intercostal to expand the thoracic cavity - intrathoracic volume increases - intrapleural pressure decreases |
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negative pressure breathing
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-driving force to breathe is the lower pressure in the intrapleural space compared to the lungs |
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Exhalation |
- relaxation of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm - chest cavity decreases in volume - intrapleural pressure increases |
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spirometer
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-measures lung capacities and volume |
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Total lung capacity (TLC) |
- max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely (6-7 liters) |
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Residual Volume (RV)
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- minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales compltetly |
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Vital Capacity (VC) |
- difference between min and max volume of air in the lungs (TLC-RV) |
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Tidal Volume (TV) |
- volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
- volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation |
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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- volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation |
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Ventilation center
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- contains chemoreceptors that are primarily sensitive to carbon dioxide |
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Hypercarbia/capnia
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- causes resp rate to increase so more CO2 is inhaled |
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Pulmonary Arteries
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- leads to the capillaries over the alveoli which are filled with deoxygenated blood |
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Pulmonary Veins
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- after gas exchange occurs, the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart through the pulm veins |
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Thermoregulation
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- regulation of body temp - resp tract is highly vascular and can be used for this through vasodilation (dissipates) and vasoconstriction (conserves) |
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Respiratory Immune Function
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- contains lysozyme to attack peptidoglycan walls of gram positive bacteria - internal airways are lined with mucus to entrap |
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Mucociliary Escalator |
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Macrophages
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- engulf and digest pathogens and signal the immune system that an invader is present |
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IgA
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- antibodies in mucosal surfaces that help protect against pathogens |
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Mast cells
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- if the right substance attaches to the antibody, the mast cell releases inflammatory chemicals into the surrounding area to promote an immune response - involved in allergic reactions |
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Bicarbonate buffer system |
- how the lungs play a role in pH balance CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3-->H+ + HCO3- |
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pH levels |
- Acidemia = lower pH, H+ is high - causes signals to the brain to increase resp -Alkalemia = higher pH - body will seek to increase acidity by slowing down the resp rate |
