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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is the individual largely responsible for resurrecting the 'modern' concept of the atom?
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John dalton
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Rank the following from lowest to highest energy: red light, UV, blue light, x-rays, radio
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Radio, red light, UV, blue light, x-rays
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The magnitude of refractive index is...
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Always greater than one
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True or false: the larger the refractive index of a material, the more transparent it is.
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False
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What are the two principle kinds of bonds?
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Ionic, covalent
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Most salts are what types of bonds?
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Ionic
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Linus Pauling developed a theory of the polar bond by introducing what concept?
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Electronegativity
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What is the first technique conservators use on any object?
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Optical microscopy
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What are the selection criteria for intangible cultural heritage imposed by UNESCO?
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Cultural significance, authenticity, integrity
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What complex molecule in cellulose that causes paper to brown upon exposure to light?
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Lignin
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What is the weakest layer on a painting? Gesso layer, varnish or pigment layer
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Gesso layer (or ground)
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What is the gesso layer?
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Gesso is the Italian word for the white mineral gypsum. It is used as a ground or preparatory layer to ensure a smooth surface for painting or gilding on wood. It was also sometimes used for the priming of canvas
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What was the main binder for the first types of paper?
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Starch
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What happens to paper when cellulose degrades?
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It becomes brittle.
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What are the four components of varnish?
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oil, resin, metal salts. solvents
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What is the purpose of varnish?
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To serve as a protective coating.
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True or False: Sizing is an additive effect in paper making.
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True
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What four ingredients are needed for emulsion of egg tempera?
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Egg (white or yolk), pigment, water and oil
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Oil paintings consist if what 4 principle parts?
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Support, ground, paint layer, protective layer.
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Why is linseed oil one of the better choices of oil for oil paintings?
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Linseed is polyunsaturated meaning it has a lot of fatty acid chains or triglyceride and can give a large percentage of its body weight in oil.
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Define: Gedanken experiment
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Einstein's thought experiments
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Define: Skeuomorph
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A design feature copied from a similar artifact in another material even if not functionally necessary.E.g. Since people are used to the click sound of a camera as feedback that the picture has been taken, it is now artificially produced in digital cameras
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Define: Foxing
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Spotting on a book, usually brown spots found on paper, of varying severity, caused by a chemical action wherein impurities in the paper oxidize. This is often exacerbated by an excessively humid climate, but the "cause" is the composition of the paper itself, and some books are simply more prone to foxing than others.
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Define: Signature
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Author's touch
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Define: Pastiche
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work of art, literature, film, music or architecture that openly imitates the work of a previous artist, sometimes with the intent of satire
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Define: siccative
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A substance added to paints and some medicines to promote drying; a drier
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What type of context is the most useful for archaeologists?
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PRIMARY context
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What is the difference between a cultural object and an archaeological object?
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An archaeological object has gone through the burial process.
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What is the purpose of UNESCO?
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the preservation of World Heritage Sites and Intangible Cultural Property (e.g knowledge of a special practice, like music, dance, etc.)
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According to the Conservation Code of ethics, any repair must be _____________ and ________
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detectable and reversible
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What are three ways that raw materials can be turned into cultural objects (technology)?
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design, selection, manipulation
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How can a cultural object be turned into an archaeological artifact?
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Degradation: use, deposition, excavation, storage, previous restoration efforts
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What are the three things that happen when an object reaches a museum?
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Selection, authentication, and condition report
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What are the three basic processed of conservation and restoration?
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1) collection and preservation (curator, conservator, conservation scientist)
2) stabilization and conservation (conservator) 3) contextual investigation |
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What are the three principle particles in an atom?
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proton, neutron, e-
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_________ events cause e- to move between energy levels and light is emitted.
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ionization
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Name the five properties of light.
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absorption, interference, scattering, opacity, transparency
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What is significant about the glass Lycurgus cup?
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Appears two different colors depending on whether light is reflected or transmitted due to differential scattering of light.
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What are the two most common color experiences when we observe art?
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absorption and transmission
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The color observed is the ________ of the color absorbed.
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complement
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Who were the first artists to use atmospheric perspective?
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Masaccio and da Vinci
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What are the criteria that affect opacity and transparency?
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refractive index, absorption, particle size
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What is Kirchoff's Law?
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The intensity of light that hits an object must be equal to all of the intensities of the various properties that are observed by the object.
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Why is TiO2 a better source of white pigment than chalk?
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It has a higher index of refraction.
(higher index of refraction = less transparent because it refracts light more) |
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increase in index of refraction => _________ in opacity
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increase (more reflection)
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What is the most important factor that influences opacity/transparency?
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particle size
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Note: Large particles = light can bounce off = more scattering
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small particles = light can easily pass through
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What is the paradigm of organic chemistry?
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atoms- molecules- structure (shape) - properties and reactivity
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What are the best examples of ionic molecules used by artists?
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Pigments - naturally occurring molecules (e.e chalk, gypsum and rutile) can be ground to a fine particle size
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What are the 2 important properties of ionic molecules used by artists?
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Crystalline (can be ground up and still maintain their optical properties) and colored
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Where do the optical properties of crystals come from?
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regularity of unit cell
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What are the two types of covalent bonds?
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polar and non-polar
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What do molecular geometries depend on?
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Number of bonds and lone pairs
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What are the five types of intermolecular attractions?
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ion-ion, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, induced dipole-dipole, induced dipole- induced dipole.
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What is the most important chemical reaction for artists?
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polymerization
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What is polymerization?
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any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer
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Why is polymerization useful (for artists)?
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sets egg tempera, dries oil and acrylic paints, forms papers and textiles.
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What is the Lascaux Cave and what is the interior like?
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Limestone cave, wet interior
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Why is lime growing on the surface of the paintings in Lascaux Cave?
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CO2 from visitors and fungus and bacteria introduced from water percolation in cave
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Where is the Tomb of Nefertari?
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Valley of the Queens, W. Nile
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The damage to the Tomb of Nefetari is due to what?
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salt, excavation and vandalism
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What were the pigments in the tomb of nefertari comprised of?
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clay, Fe2O3, MnO2
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What is the difference between restoration and stabilization?
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Restoration is trying to recreat what the object looked like when it was first made, but under cultural contexts. Stabilization is not adding to the object but stopping deterioration.
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What is rice paper made of?
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Mulberry leaves
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Where does the term "paper" come from?
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Papyrus
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What is Armenian bole used as?
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pigment?
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Where does modern paper originate?
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China
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