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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heinrich Hertz
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successfully sent and detected radio waves
1887 |
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Marconi
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started a wireless telegraphy company- father of radio
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Fessenden
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with the help of General Electric built a high speed wave generator that could broadcast human voice and music.
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De Forest
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vacuum tube-audion- made it easier to recieve radio signals
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RCA- Radio corporation of America
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acquired assets of Marconi company
affiliated with AT &T , GE and Westinghouse. |
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David Sarnoff
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suggested that invention would become radio music box-radio for entertainment
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Frank Conrad
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built radio in his garage and started recording music, reporting sports scores
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KDKA
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signed in 1920
oldest station |
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AT&T
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began selling time on WEAF making companies solve the problem of financing radio
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National Broadcasting Company
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First network
1926 |
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Willima S Paley
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headed the CBS network
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Radio Act of 1927
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Set up Federal Radio Commision (FRC)to clean up chaos that existed
defined AM broadcast band, standardized channel designations, abolished portable stations, and moved to minimize interference. |
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Federal Comminications Commision (FCC)
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government agency that would consolidate the regulatory functions of communications industry
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Communications Act of 1934
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consolidated responsibilities for broadcast and wire regulation under a new seven member FCC
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Edwin Howard Armstrong
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Developed FM
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American Broadcasting Company
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sold to Edward Noble as one of the NBC two networks
became competitor |
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Emergence of Television
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had effect on network radio
cut back on budgets, relied heavily on, music, talk and news |
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clock hour
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specified every element of radio
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Payola
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paying money to the DJ to play their music
relsuting in a section 508 being added to the 1934 communications act to stop this practice |
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non duplication rule
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prevented FM radio from duplicating AM radio 50 percent of the time.
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National Public Radio
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noncoomercial radio network
1970's 80 station network |
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Telecommunicaitons Act of 1996
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concerned with encouraging competition in the new communication technologies
erased the cap on the number of stations a company could own in a single market |
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Internet radio
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1. traditional over-the -air broadcasters who also stream signals on the Internet
2. Internet-only stations |
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podcasting
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user generated content
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Defining features of Radio
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portable
supplemental-occurs while we are doing something else universal selective |
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net programs
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all stations on a network carry the net program a the same time
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syndicated programming
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carried at different times by the station
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format
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a type of consistent programming designed to appeal to a certain segment of the audience
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voice tracking
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recording chatter, music introductions and music recaps
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National Public Radio
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founded 1970
800 affiliates around the country member stations pay a fee based on audience reach and budget and get air time |
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Corporation for Public Broadcasting
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give financial support to stations that help support NPR
is a non profit organization supported by congress |
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Public Radio International
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noncommercial radio
formely known as American Public Radio |
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format wheel
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a pie chart of an hour divided into segments representing different program elements
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cycle
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the amount of time that elapses before the order program is repeated
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costs of spots on radio
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network : $0.05
National spot : $ 0.17 Local $ .78 |
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areas of Expenses in radio
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1. technical
2. programming 3. sales 4. general administration 5. news |
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Arbitron
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major company that measures the radio audience
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two concepts of measuring radio and television audience
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1. ratings
2. share of the audience |
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rating
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simply the ratio of listeners of a particular station to all people in market
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Share of audience
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ratio of listeners of a particular station to the total number of radio listeners in the market
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drive time
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the times people listen to radio in the car, early morning and late efternoon
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Phomograph
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invented by Thomas Edison
invented 1877 used to record spoken word |
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graphophone
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invented by Chinchester Bell and Charles Tainter
used wax cylinder instead of foil |
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gramophone
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invented by emile Berliner
used a disk instead of a cylinder |
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Jesse Lippincott
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purchased the rights to phonograph and the graphophone
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nickelodeons
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two minute musicals in coin operated phonographs
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Jazz
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emerged in the 1920's
roots of the balck experience in America |
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juckeboxes
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saved recording inductry
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shellac
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key ingredient in making disks was needed for naitonal defense and resulted in record drops
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Organization of the Recording Industry
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1.talent
2. production 3. distribution 4.retail |
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six outlets of music distribution
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1.direct retail
2. rack jobbers 3. one stops 4.direct consumer sales 5. online sales 6. direct download |
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direct retail
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stores that specialize in the sale of CD's ,tapes and related products
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rack jobbers
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service the tape and CD racks in ariety or large department stores
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one stops
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purchse records from record companies and resell them to retail stores
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top companies in recording industry
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1. universal music group
2.sony bmg 3. emi group 4. warner music |
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seven departments in a recording company
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1. artists and repertoire
2.sales and distribution 3.advertising and merchandise 4. promotion 5. business 6. publicity 7 artist development |
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demo
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disc that provides a sample of theri sound
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billboard
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important channel of feedback
put together using 1. exposure and 2. sales |
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phi phenomenon
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what happens when we see one light source go out while another one close to the original is illuminated
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presistence of vision
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our eyes continue to see an image for a split second after the image has disapeared from view
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kinestoscope
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developed by thomas edison and william dickson and perfected by dickson
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Nickelodeons
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one minute films that tell a story
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Motion Picture Patents Copany (MPPC)
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restricted movie making to nine companies that made up the mppc
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block booking
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to recieve two or three topflight films from a studio a theater owner had to agree to show five or six other films of lower quality.
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Six companies that dominate motion picture
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sony/MGM, NBC Universal, Disney, Fox, Warner Brothers, Paramount
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Organization of the Film Industry
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1. production
2. distribution 3. exhibition |
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departments in film studios
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1. film production
2. distribution 3. TV production 4. administration |
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Production of film
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1. preproduction
2.production 3 postproduction |
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preproduction process of screen play
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1. treatment
2. first draft script 3. revised script 4 script polish |
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Economics of Motion pictures
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1. money taken in at the U.S box office
2.revenue from the international box office 3. sales and rentals of DVDs and tapes 4 miscellaneus video sources aspay per view and video on demand |
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pick up
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a distributor agrees to pick up the cost of a finished picture at a later date for a set price
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limited partnership
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an arrangement whereby the film is financed through outside investors. each limited pertner puts up a set amount
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joint venture
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several companies involved in a film production and distribution pool theri resources and agree to finance one or more films
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sliding scale
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as the box office revenue increases,so does the amount of money an exhibitor has to pay the distributor
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90/10 deal
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movie theatre owner first deduces the house allowance from the box office take
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Variety
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trade publication, reports top grossing films
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focus group
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small sample of the target audience that is asked detailed quesions about what the viewers liked and did not like
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Philo Farnsworth
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diagrammed his idea for a television system on a chalkboard
developed image dissector and patented it in 1930 |
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Vladimir Zworykin
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perfected a primitive camera tube, the iconoscope
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Amex Corporation
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developed videotape in 1956
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Color television
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introduced in the 1950's
led by NBC |
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1950's
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Golden age of television
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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set up public boradcasting service
proposed by the Carnegie Comission to Congress |
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1960's
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TV lost its novelty
television journalism came of age concommercial broadcasting cable television |
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1970's
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public concern over impact of television
Surgeon Generals office set up panel to investigate imapct of tv growth of citizen group involvement in FCC ex Action of Children's Television, Office of Communication and United Church of Christ growth of law and order programs, soaps |
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1980's
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erosion of three big networks and increased comp. from new networks and cable
Fox owned by murdock started broadcasting |
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time shifting
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playing back programs at times other than when they were aired
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Low-power television (LPTV)
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allowed a new class of TV stations with a small service area
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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introduced program ratings and V-chip
encouraged competition b/t cable and phone companies eased ownership restrictions on stations |
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HDTV
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five times mroe clarity
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Broadband
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high-speed internet connections
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commercial television
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consists of all those local stations whose income is derived from selling time on theri facilities to advertisers
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noncommercial television
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income is not derived from sale of advertising time
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TV industry segments
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1. production-providing programing that is ultimatly viewed by the TV audience
2. distribution- handled by TV networks and cable syndicsation companies 3. exhibition- responsibility of local TV stations |
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TV industry
Production: Where does one get all the programing? |
1. local production
2. syndicated programming 3. Network programs |
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TV Industry
Distribution: main elements |
1. broadcast networks
2. cable and satellite 3. syndicated companies |
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UHF
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Ultra high frequency
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VHF
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very high requency
greater distances than UHF |
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independents
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stations not affiliated with networks+
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TV: Dep. and Staff
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sales
engineering production/programing news administration |
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divisions of TV programs at network level
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1.sales
2.entertainment 3. owned and operated stations 4.affiliate networks 5. news 6. sports 7. standards-check all netwrok programs 8. operations-technical aspect |
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pilot
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the first episode of the series
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advertisers that buy time are..
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1. national advertisers
2. national spot advertisers 3. local advertisers |
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biggest expense in TV is...
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programming
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obsticles for public broadcasting
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political infighting
a lack of clear purpose insifficient funding |
