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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maintaining steady state equilibrium is accomplished involuntarilly by ___, ___, ___, et. Fish may also physically "___ ___ and ___". |
Hormones, enzymes, osmoregulation, pick up and leave |
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___ regulates solute conc. and balances the gain and loss of water |
osmoregulation |
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___ gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products. |
Excretion |
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Define homeostasis |
Maintaining steady state equilibrium in the internal environment of an organism. Ex> solute and water. |
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Seawater is made up of ___% Cl, ___% Na. Also made up of SO4, Mg, Ca, K, Sr, Br, C |
55, 30 |
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To have 35ppt salinity out of 1000g of aqueous solution, there would be ___ g of salt to ___ g of water. |
35, 965 |
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Define osmotic concentration |
Total concentration of all solutes in an aqueous solution |
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1 mole of solute/liter of water is a/an ___. 1/100th of that is a/an ___. |
Osmolal, milliosmolal |
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___ tolerate a narrow range of salinities in external environment, while ___ tolerate a wide range. Fishes short term changes of salinity are ___, while long term changes are ___. |
Setohaline, Euryhaline, estuarine, diadromous |
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There are four osmoregulatory strategies in fishes. ___ are nearly isotonic, osmoconformers. Some are ___ with regulation of specific ions. Freshwater fishes are ___ and are hyperisomotic to their environment in order to retain solutes and excrete water. Salt water fishes are ___ |
Ismotic, Isoosmotic, hypersomotic, Hypoosmotic |
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___ consist only of some marine animals which do not regulate their osmolarity. They are ___ with their surroundings. |
Osmoconformers, isoosmotic |
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___ expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosomtic environment |
Osmoregulators |
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Hagfishes are ___ and the only vertebrate that is ___ to seawater. Much like marine invertebrates. |
osmoconformers, isotonic |
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Aquatic vertebrates ___ are chief organs of excretion/osmoregulation. ___ first evolved as osmoregulatory organs in fishes to remove water (fresh) or conserve water (marine) |
Gills, kidneys |
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Elasmobranch marine teleosts ___ ___ to gain water. Their ionic conc. is approximately ___ of seawater. ___ cells eliminate Na and Cl. ___ eliminate Mg and SO4. |
drink continuously, 1/3, Cl, Kidneys |
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Cl cells can be ___ cells or ___ cells. |
Pavement, accessory |
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In high salinity ___ actively pumped out, ___ passively out. In low salinity Na is ____ pumped in, NH4 or H out. Cl ____ pumped in, HCO3 out. |
Na, K, actively, actively |
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Excretory systems produce ___ by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids. Key functions of most excretory systems are ___, ___, ___, and ___. |
Urine Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion |
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Define 1) filtration 2) reabsorption 3) secretion 4) excretion |
1) Filtering of body fluids 2) Reclaiming valuable solutes 3) adding nonessential solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate 4) Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes, released from the body. |
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Marine body fishes are ___. Their ___ have small glomerulus and soe lack glomeruli activity. |
Hypoosmotic, kidneys |
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Under stress fish release adrenaline. This causes diffusity of ___ ___ to ^ or v ? Accentuates normal osmoregulatory challenge for all fish. |
gill epithelium, ^ |
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Fish sensory systems include ___, ___reception, ___reception, and ___ |
vision, Chemo, mechano, electro/magnetic |
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Water absorbs ___ colors which have ___ wavelengths. Water scatters ___ colors which have ___ wavelengths. Energy ^ or v from red on down. |
warmer, longer, cooler, shorter, ^ |
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Fish have ___ vision. They can see the colors ___, ___, and blue. They also can see ___ light which helps with visual contrasts. |
trichromatic, green, red, polarized |
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The fishes ___ refracts light entering eye. In fishes it is ___ due to eye being made of aqueous stuff and their environment being aqueous. |
Cornea, thinner |
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The ___ focuses light on retina. Most fishes focus by changing the ___ of the lens. Other verts change the ___. |
Lens, position, curvature |
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the ___ controls he amount of light by adjusting ___ (aperture) size. |
Iris, pupil |
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Define sclera |
Outer, protective cartel or bone
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The ___ is a highly vasuclarized area between the sclera and retina. Supplies ___ and ___. |
Choroid, 02, ions |
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The ___ ___ is a structure composed of ___ ___ that enhances vision in low light conditions. |
Tapetum lucid, guanine crystals |
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___ are light sensitive. ___ provide color vision. They transmit light energy into ___ signals. |
Rods, cones, neural |
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High cone to rod ratios are found in ___ fishes that rely on vision to find food. |
diurnal |
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The four types of cones are ___ (600nm), ___ (530nm), ___ (460nm) and ___ (___nm). Most fish have 2 or 3 types of cones depending on the fishes ____. |
Red, green, blue, uv, 380, environment |
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Surface fishes have a high % of ___ cones. ___ water fish have red, green, and blue cones. Mid depth have ___ and ___ cones. Deep and bottom fish mostly have ___ cones. |
UV, Shallow, green, blue, blue |
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___ is used for hearing and lateral line |
Mechanoreception |
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___ ___ are bendable nerves ending in a series of ___-filled canals . the ___ houses sensory hairs unequal in length. Displacement causes water to ___ and as this pressure impacts these hairs they ___, causing a neural signal indicating what ___ the displacement came from. |
Lateral line, mucous, cupula, vibrates, bend, direction |
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The lateral line is used to detect ___ in the water, changes in the ___ field, ___ of nearby organisms, very low ___ ___, back pressure built up when ___ an obstacle. |
vibrations, pressure, movement, frequency sound, approaching |
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Hearing is composed of three sac like structures, each with a/an ___. There is the largest, the ___ and then two others, the ___ and the ___. Each sac is lined with patches of sensory hairs called the ___. |
Otolith, Sagitta, Astericus, lapillus, macula |
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___ vibrate in response to sound. They sit on ___ and its vibrations/movements send signals. ___ ___ detect turning movements. These help with ___ and ___ as the fluid changes. |
Otoliths, hairs, semicircular canals, balance, orientation |
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Otoliths can help with ___ determination. In adult fishes, the annual rings or ___ can. In larval fishes ___ rings can. |
age, annuli, daily |
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Most fishes have "___ ___" sacs with 1-2 paired openings called ___ for olfaction. Water flows in, odorous molecules bind to proteins located on receptor cells of ___ ___. ___ cells then send nerve impulses to brain. Sensitivity to smell related to # of ___ folds. |
dead end, nares, olfactory epithelium, receptor, lamellar |
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Teleost and elamobranchs have taste buds in the ___ and ___. ___ have taste buds on their gill arches, and in some species, barbels and fins. Gustation is similar to ___, as stimulus molecules bind to receptors on the sensory cell and trigger ___, or signal. |
mouth, pharynx, teleosts, olfaction, depolarization |
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In ___, passive ___ detect weak electric fields of other organisms. This functions in ___ detection and possibly ___. Marine examples are ___. |
Electroreception, electroreceptors, prey, navigation, elasmobranchs |
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___ electroreceptors generate a an electric field and then detect disturbances. Functions are ___ detection, ___, and possibly ___. |
Active, prey, communication, navigation |
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___ receptors are located in depressions of the epidermis and are covered with loosely packed epithelial cells. ___ sensitive to low frequency electric fields. ___ sensitive to electric organ discharge frequencies of fish's own electric organs. Prey moving in and out of the field cause distortions. |
Tuberous, not, most |
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___ receptors are ones with conductive gel. They detect weak electric field emitted by prey. The only electric detectors are found in ___ species, in a specialized region called the ___ of ___. Sensitive enough to detect ___ and ___ electric fields and even changes in the ___ ___ field. |
Ampullary, shark, ampullae of Lorenzi, AC, DC, Earth's magnetic |
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Fishes have the greatest diversity of ___ overall amongst all other organisms. |
Reproduction |
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Frequency of spawning: ___ spawn once and die. ___ spawn multiple times over their life, and do not die. |
Semelparous, itheroparous |
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Semelparous fishes adult mortality is ___, juvenile mortality is ___. They ___ offspring to ideal conditions for growth, ___ predators, maximize ___ efficiency and fecundity, but have the risk of "___". Iteroparous ___ offspring over multiple events. They ___ fecundity per effort to ensure some reproduction |
high, low match, overwhelm, metabolic, waiting spread, reduce |
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The three mating systems are ___, ___, and ___. |
Promiscuous, Polygamous, monogamous |
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Explain promiscuous |
Little or no obvious mating choice, multiple partners |
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Explain Polygamous |
One sex has multiple partners. |
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In ___, females mate with multiple males. In ___ males mate with multiple females. |
Polyandry, polygyny |
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Explain Monogamous |
Mating occurs between a single pair. Paired for life or just for a season. |
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When sex of individual is fixed at maturation it is called ___ and is ___ common. When sex may change after maturation and organism can produce viable egg and sperm during same spawning they are called ___. When development occurs without fertilization they are called ___. When organism can function as males in one life stage and females in another, they are called ___ |
Gonochoristic, most, Hermaphroditic, Parthenogenetic, sequential |
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In sequential gender roles, ___ is "before male" and ___ is "before female". Which most common? |
Protandry, protogyny, Protogyny |
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In sequential hermaphroditism, ___% are protogynous. Examples? ___ % are protandrous. Examples? In simultaneous hemaphroditism, an example are ___. |
75, Serraenidae, sparidae, labridae, gobiidae 25, Pomacentridae hamlets |
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Advantages of protandry are represented by the ___ ___ ___. Reproductive success in females is limited by ___ production. In males by number of ___. |
Size advantage model, gamete, mates |
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Males produce ___ quantities of energetically "___" gametes with a low chance of success. Females produce energetically "___" gametes with a high chance of fertilization.
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surplus, cheap, costly |
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___ males have advantage on number of offspring produced over female. ___ males have disadvantage sperm is still cheap and easy. ___ females have disadvantage because small. ___ females have advantage because ___ increase in ability to make eggs. |
smaller, larger, small, larger, exponential |
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Explain mate competition model |
-male fish compete, larger the better, smaller little chance to reproduce unless female first (protogyny) |
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What is an advantage of simultaneous hermaphroditsim? |
Low population densities |
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There are four secondary sexual characteristics categories between males and females. When there is no observable difference, ___. When either sex has more than one form, ___. Sexes distuinguishable between mature fishes, ___ ___. Sexes distinguishable during spawning, ___ ___. |
Monomorphic, polymorphic, permanently dimorphic, seasonally dimorphic |
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Fertilization can be ___ or ___. The former is most species. The latter is relatively uncommon but occurs in ___. |
External or Internal Elasmobranchs coelacanths live bearers |
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These occur at specific locations such as reef ledges and specific dates generally ___ associated, 2-3 days a month. Also at specific times, generally at ___ because less ___. Most species are solitary except during these events which are termed ___ ___. Most common in ___ fishes. |
Lunar, dusk, predation, spawning aggregations, reef |
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Most species give ___ parental care. Nest brooders and guarders usually have adhesive,or ___ eggs. ___ ___ and ___ ___ are unique adaptations seen in sea horses (former) and sea catfish (latter). |
no, demersal, brood pouches, mouth brooders |
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___ ___ give birth to free living larvae or juveniles. In ___ there is no egg membrane covering the ___. Fecudity is ___ (<100) Nourishment comes from the ___, not the ___. They are released as ___ and some males are even capable of ___ when born!! |
Live bearing, Viviparity, low, parent, egg, juveniles, breeding |
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In ___, offspring are relatively undeveloped, late yolk sac ___ are released. Mother may or may not nourish embryo. Embryo and ___ ___ seperated by egg membrane. Eggs hatch ___ then released as pelagic ___. |
Ovoviviparity, larvae maternal tissue, internally, larvae |
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Egg laying fishes are ___. Eggs are released before ___. They develop in nests or in environment at large. Some exceptions are ___ ___ and ___ ___. Fecundity is often ___. |
Oviparous, fertilization, mouth brooders, brood pouches, high |
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75% of teleosts produce ___ eggs. They are known as "___" spawners. |
pelagic, broadcast |
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The marine fish lifecycle is ___, ___, ___, and ___. |
Embryo, larval, juvenile, adult |
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___ phase is embryo through larvae. Larval stage survival is low due to ___, ___ ___, ___, and ___. |
Planktonic, predators, physical processes, starvation, disease |
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Challenges of a pelagic lifestyle include Physiological, ___, and___ factors. Chemical and physical stresses, patchy distribution of food resources, threat of predation, probability of ___. Many specializations have evolved, most found only in ___ stage, then disappear. Presumably beneficial only during this time. |
Ecological, behavioral. dispersal, larval |
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Pigmentation varies considerably among species. ___ have a conservative pattern. Examples include ___ patterns along gut which ___ light refracted from the gut contents. ___ shield over gas bladder which also reduces light refraction. Also, ventral ___ between anus and caudal fin. |
Clupeids, serial, masks, melanistic, midline |
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Rapid tail beats could create a "___ ___" phenomenon which cause a dotted or multicolored blur. |
Flicker fusion |
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___ species are top water dwellers. Some adaptations they have are large eggs often with ___, early ___ development, and early forming ___. True types of these species also have ___ pigmentation for additional protection from UV. Needlfishes and silversides are examples. |
Neustonic, filaments, fin, melanophores, xanthin |
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Medial fin fold in young larvae generally ___ with development. These provide additional surface area, to perhaps promote ___, assist with ___, enhance apparent ___ to deter predators, and perhaps promote cutaneous ___ exchange and absorption. |
regress, buoyancy, locomotion, size, gas |
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Head spines are found in many ___ bones. Solid, spiny head shields are seen in "___" larvae. Mass of spines increases ___ ___ (sinking), this compensated for by larger, more anterior ___ ___. During transformation head spines may serve as ___ stores. Mobilized during rapid ___ and growth. |
cranial, Tholichthys, specific gravity, swim bladder, calcium, ossification |
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Fin spines and rays are presumed to have a ___ function. May serve to detract ___ or ___ siphonophores or salps. Elongated single fin ray, dorsal fin crest may serve as ___ during undulatory locomotion. |
sensory, predators, mimic, rudder |
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Buoyancy measures include ___ body envelopes, ___, and large, ___-like structures |
gelatinous, finfolds, leaf |
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___ guts increase surface area for nutrient absorption and increase range of prey types eaten during periods of rapid growth. |
Trailing |
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Eye specializations: ___ eyes lie flat in developing orbit. ___ eyes increase rotation around long axis and enlarge surface volume as a result. Short stalks, extend just outside ___ which provide greater ___ ability, they appear to be ___. Long, ___ stalks provide an even larger visual volume. |
Round, elliptical, orbital, rotation, bulging, peculate. |
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Eliptical eyes have ___ increase in volume of water you can see over round eyes. Eyes on stalks provide an additional ___ increase over Eliptical eyes. |
tenfold |
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___ eyes evolved independently in a number of different groups, suggesting ___ value. |
Protruding, evolutionary |
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Define Climate variability |
The way climate fluctuates yearly above or below a long term average value |
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Define Climate change |
Long term continuous change (inc or dec) to average weather conditions or the range of weather. |
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Response to environmental changes depends on the ___ of ___. |
scale, variation |
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Fish movement in response to storms is ___ term. Changes in fish migrations is ___ to ___. Historic population booms and busts is ___ term. |
short intermediate, decadal long |
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The response of a fish to environmental change will depend on the size of the ___ involved and the ___ of the perturbation |
size, duration |
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Storms have scales in ___, "___ ___" have scales of months. Fish congregate at the "___" of this and overfishing is a threat. "___ ___ has a scale of ~one year. |
days, dead zones, edge, El nino |
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During El Nino, strong ___ winds keep ___ water in the western pacific. ___ ___ is opposite of el nino. |
Trade, warm, la nina, |
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Coral reef declines can be explained by the increase of ___ resulting in increase of ___ ___ in the ocean. This erodes reef and associated reactions also take up carbonate which causes ___ to be available for reef building. |
CO2, carbonic acid, less |
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Some possible global warming effects include altered ___ pathways, ___ in metabolism=higher 02 demand, expansion of ___ regions. |
migration, increase, hypoxic |
