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Ichthyology Test 3

Ichthyology Test 3

by ch386617, Apr. 2011

Subjects: ichthyology taxonomy

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	Subdivision Euteleostei Super Orders?	Protacanthopterygii Acanthopterygii
	Super Order Protacanthopterygii Orders?	Argentiniformes Salmoniformes
	Order Argentiniformes characteristics	Largest group All deep sea fishes Most have photophores
	Examples of Argentiniformes	Barreleye fish -Midwater dweller -Transparent cranial region with tubular eyes
	Order Salmoniformes characteristics	4 families Mostly anadromous Majority of adults return to exact same spot of hatching to spawn
	Order Salmoniformes Suborders?	Salmonidei Osmeroidei
	Suborder Salmonidei Family Salmonidae Characteristics	Salmon and Trout Adipose fin Lack spiny fin rays Pelvic axillary process (attachment at base of fin) Free gill membrane Gape includes maxilla Physostomous
	Suborder Salmonidei Family Salmonidae Examples	Salvelinus - Char/Trout Salmo salar - Atlantic Salmon Oncorhynchus - Rainbow Trout
	Suborder Osmeroidei Characteristics	Smelts Diadromous Small, silvery, elongate Single, soft ray dorsal fin Adipose fin Dentition on maxilla Maxilla included in gape Some are semelparious - single spawning
	Subdivision Euteleostei Neognathi characteristics	17,000 spp. Not a taxonomic group
	Subdivision Euteleostei Neognathi Order Escociformes	Pikes Temperate freshwater Unusual tooth attachment Acellular bone Maxilla included in gape but lacks dentition Posteriorly located pelvic fins
	Subdivision Euteleostei Neognathi Neoteleostei	Monophyletic group Unique skull articulation Presence of Retractor Dorsalis for lifting pharyngeal jaws Acellular bone Anterior pelvis fins Retractable teeth
	Neoteleostei Superorder?	Stomiiformes Ateleopodomorpha Cyclosquamata Scopelomorpha
	Neoteleostei Superorder Stomiiformes	Bristlemouth, Hatchetfish, Dragonfish Deep sea fishes Long teeth, large mouth Unique jaw attachment Photophores Ventral adipose fin
	Neoteleostei Superorder Ateleopodomorpha	Jellynose Fishes Bulbous, flacid head Deep sea dweller Cartilaginous skeleton
	Neoteleostei Superorder Cyclosquamata Order Aulopiformes	Cycloid scales Mostly deep sea Parthenogenic
	Order Aulopiformes examples	Black edge green eye Tripod fish Lizard fish Lancet fish
	Neoteleostei Superorder Scopelomorpha Order Myctophiformes	Black chin, Lantern fish Loss of pharyngeal teeth Adipose fin Maxilla excluded from gape Bioluminescent
	Neognathi Neoteleostei Acanthomorpha characteristics	True fin spines Stiffening of body for modified swimming Diverse pharyngeal teeth Lack dentition on maxilla
	Acanthomorpha Superorders?	Lampriomorpha Polymixiomorpha Paracanthopterygii Acanthopterygii
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Lampriomorpha Order Lampriformes	Pelagic (open water) Lack spines Maxilla contributes to gape
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Lampriomorpha Order Lampriformes examples	Opah Two Eye/Thread tail - expand mouth up to 40x Oar Fish - Sea serpent legends
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Polymixiomorpha Order Polymixiformes	Beard Fishes On of the smallest groups Midwater True spines Anterior pelvis fin
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Orders?	Percopsiformes Gadiformes Ophidiiformes Batrachoidiformes Lophiiformes
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Characteristics	May not be monophyletic Distinct pattern of holes in skull Mostly marine Nocturnal or dark environments Sonic muscles for sound production
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Percopsiformes	Perches Mostly freshwater Adipose fin Reduced spines Increase in number of vertebrae Pelvic fin posterior
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Gadiformes	Cods, Grenadires Marine Lack true spines 2-3 dorsal fins Many have chin barbels Gadus morhua - Atlantic Cod
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthoptrygii Order Ophidiiformes	Cusk eels, Pearl fishes Pelvic fins lost or extremely anterior Pectoral fins lost or dorsal Family Carapidae - lives in anus of invertebrates
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Batrachoidiformes	Toadfish, Midshipman Benthic, Photic zone Flathead 3 pairs of gill arches Bioluminescent Capable of vocalization
	Acanthomorpha Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Lophiiformes	Goosefish, Frogfish, Batfish, Anglerfish All marine Mostly deep sea
	Order Lophiiformes Suborder Ceratiodei	160 species of Anglerfish Highly diversified Modified dorsal fin for bioluminescent lure Bathypelagic Tiny, parasitic male
	Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Acanthopterygii Evolutionary Innovations	Upper jaw mobility and protrusibility due to ascending process Pharyngeal jaw dentition
	Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Acanthopterygii General Characteristics	Ctenoid scales Physoclistus gas bladder Maxilla excluded from gape Two dorsal fins Pelvic and anal fin with spines Symmetrical caudal fin (homocercal)
	Subdivision Euteleostei Superorder Acanthopterygii Three divisions?	Mugilomorpha Atherinomorpha Percomorpha
	Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Mugilomorpha Order Mugiliformes Family Mugilidae	Mullets, Grey Mullets Low diversity Near shore, catadromous Cycloid scales Pelvic and Pectoral girdles not attached Detritivores Increased jumping frequency with decreased O2 levels
	Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Atherinomorpha Orders?	Atheriniformes Beloniformes Cyprinodontiformes
	Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Atherinomorpha General Characteristics	Most successful surface dwellers Unique jaw protrusion - Premaxilla linked to rostrum Internal fertilization, live young Contain parthenogenic species
	Series Acanthopterygii Order Atherinoformes	Silversides Freshwater and Marine Undergo schooling, shallow water Some species have environmental sex determination Some species exhibit sexual dimorphism Females lack a pelvic girdle, males can develop claspers
	Series Acanthopterygii Order Atherinoformes Examples	California Grunt Atlantic Silverside Eastern Rainbowfish
	Series Acanthopterygii Order Beloniformes	Flying fish, Halfbeaks, Needlefish Heterochrony - Variable rate of development between upper and lower jaws
	Series Acanthopterygii Order Beloniformes Examples	Oryzias latipes - Japanese rice fish -Model biological organism Atlantic needlefish Two wing flying fish -Capable of gliding Halfbeak
	Series Atheninomorpha Order Cyprinodontiformes	Top Minnows, Killifish Freshwater, tolerant of high salinity Insectivore Live birth givers, viviparous or ovoviviparous
	Series Atheninomorpha Order Cyprinodontiformes Examples	Mangrove remulus - Hermaphrodite Red-Fin Killi - Annuli (lives for one year) Mosquito Fish - feed on mosquito larvae, sexual dimorphism Butterfly Split Fin Sheepshead Minnow - Sexual dimorphism Four-eyed fish - Pupil divided into two halves
	Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Percomorpha Characteristics	Ligamentous connection between pelvic and pectoral girdles Mostly Marine Contains bulk of bony fishes Most advanced Euteleosts
	Superorder Acanthopterygii Series Percomorpha Orders	Stephanoberyciformes Beryciformes Zeiformes Gasterosteiformes Synbranchiformes Scorpaeniformes Perciformes Pleuromectiformes Tetradontiformes
	Series Percomorpha Order Stephanoberychiformes	Whale fishes Deep Sea fishes Exhibit bioluminescence Weak or absent fin spines
	Series Percomorpha Order Stephanoberychiformes Examples	Gibber fish
	Series Percomorpha Order Beryciformes	Fangtooth, Flashlight, Squirrelfish Deepwater or nocturnal Strong spines on head or gill covering Shallowest water dwellers
	Series Percomorpha Order Beryciformes Examples	Squirrelfish Orange Ruffle - Important for sushi
	Series Percomorpha Order Zeiformes	Dories and Oreos Highly protrusible jaw Unique caudal skeleton
	Series Percomorpha Order Zeiformes Examples	European John Dorry Large dorsal crest
	Series Percomorpha Order Gasterosteiformes	Small, marine and freshwater Dermal armor Small mouths Locomotion by pectoral fins - some lost caudal fin
	Series Percomorpha Order Gasterosteiformes Examples	Nine-Spine Stickleback - highly studied for freshwater isolation Sea Horse - Eggs develop in males Trumpetfish - Hang head down in urchin spines
	Series Percomorpha Order Synbranchiformes	Primarily Freshwater Elongate, eel-like fishes Some may be facultative airbreathers Sequential Hermaphrodites Amphistylic Jaw Suspension
	Series Percomorpha Order Synbranchiformes Examples	Marble Swamp Eel
	Series Percomorpha Order Scorpaeniformes	Benthic, Primarily marine Spines project from head Many lack scales
	Series Percomorpha Order Scarpaeniformes Examples	Flying Grenard - 'winged' pectoral fins, doesn't fly Red Scorpion Fish - Large mouth, Venomous spines Rock Fish - Bear live young Red Lionfish - Venomous spines, invasive species Stonefish - Deadliest fish Sea Raven - Close relative to sculpens Lumpfish - Eggs collected for caviar
	Series Percomorpha Order Perciformes Suborders?	Percoidei Elassomatoidei Labroidei Zoarcoidei Notothenioidei Trachenoidei Blenniodei Icosteodei Gobiesocoidei Callionymoidei Gobioidei Kurtoidei Acanthuroidei Xiphioidei Scombroidei Stromateoidei Anabantoidei Channoidae Caproidei
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei	Spines in dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins Two dorsal fins Lateral pectoral fins Abdominal pelvic fins Ctenoid scales Lack adipose fins Physoclistus gas bladder Reduction of bones and caudal fin rays Maxilla excluded from gape
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Families?	Centropomidae Latidae Moronidae Polyprionidae Serranidae Grammatidae Centraarchidae Percidae Apogonidae Malacanthidae Pomatomidae Coryphaenidae Echeneidae Carangidae Lutjanidae Lobotidae Haemulidae Sparidae Sciaenidae Kyphosidae Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Polycentridae Sphyraenidae
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Centropomidae	Snook Found in estuaries and near shore waters Pisicivorous fishes
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Latidae	Baramundi, Nile Perch Introduction to African freshwater systems dissimated native Cichlids
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Moronidae	Striped Bass Lake dwelling Anadromous
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Polyprionidae	Giant Sea Bass
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Serranidae	True Sea Bass One of the largest families of Percoides 3 spines on opercular bone ex. Goliath Grouper
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Grammatidae	Basslets, Royal Gramma
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Centrarchidae	Sunfish, Common Bass, Crappie Primarily freshwater Widely distributed outside native range
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Percidae	Perches, Walleyes Primarily freshwater Heavily impacted from habitat loss Sexual dimorphism during breeding season
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Apogonidae	Cardinalfishes Primarily nocturnal Large eyes and mouth Many are mouth brooders
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Malacanthidae	Tilefish Burrowers
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Pomatomidae	Bluefish Found in most major ocean basins Aggressive predators -Slash and dismember school of prey fish
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Coryphaenidae	Mahi Mahi Over 300 common names Open water, surface-oriented predators Males have square head profile
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Echeneidae	Remoras, Suckerfish Sucker is a modified dorsal fin Attaches to sharks, whales, billfishes
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Carangidae	Jacks, Pompano Near shore or pelagic Lateral compression Evidence of cooperative hunting Carangiform swimming
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Lutjanidae	Snapper (Red, Grey, Mangrove, Mutten) Tropical, Warm water Forms shoals
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Lobotidae	Triple Tail Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins of equal size -Appears as 3 tails
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Haemulidae	Grunt, Porkfish Forms shoals Produces sounds with pharyngeal teeth Alternate daytime resting and nighttime feeding
	Order Perciformes Suborder Percoidei Family Sparidae	Corgies, Sheepshead Human-like incisors for scraping Molariform teeth for crushing -Heterodont
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Scianidae	Drums and Croakers Sound production by sonic muscles Tropical-Temperate waters Mostly marine Large otolith and extensive lateral line for sound production
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Kyphosidae	Sea Chubs, Rudderfish Herbivores - House bacteria
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Chaetodontidae	Butterflyfish Diurnal High territoriality in pairs
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Pomacanthidae	Angelfish Undergo color change during onotogeny
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Polycentridae	Leaffishes Morphological resemblance to leaves Freshwater, S. Hemisphere Highly expandable jaws
	Order Perciformes Superorder Percoidei Family Sphyraenidae	Barracuda Viracious predator with slicing teeth
	Order Perciformes Superorder Elassomatoidei Family Elassomatidae	Pygmy Sunfish Dwells in swampy habitats
	Order Perciformes Superorder Labroidei Families?	Cichlidae Embiotocidae Pomacentridae Labridae Scaridae
	Order Perciformes Superorder Labroidei Family Cichlidae	Cichlids High Diversity - Speciation among freshwater habitats Many exhibit nesting and brooding
	Order Perciformes Superorder Labroidei Family Embiotocidae	Surf Perches Males born sexually mature
	Order Perciformes Suborder Labroidei Family Pomacentridae	Damselfishes, Anemone fish Tropical Highly protrusible jaws
	Order Perciformes Suborder Labroidei Family Labridae	Wrasses Locomotion by oscillation of pectoral fins Color change throughout ontogeny Sequential hermaphrotism
	Order Perciformes Suborder Labroidei Family Scaridae	Parrotfish Teeth fused into beak for scraping algae from coral
	Order Perciformes Suborder Zoarcoidei Families?	Zoarcidae Anarhicadidae
	Order Perciformes Suborder Zoarcoidei Family Zoarcidae	Eel Poute Eel-like, rounded up A lot of problems in foul somethechnique
	Order Perciformes Suborder Zoarcoidei Family Anarhicadidae	Wolf Fish Heterodont - Large, cone shaped teeth in front
	Order Perciformes Suborder Notothenioidei Family Nototheniidae	Cod Ice Fishes/Chilean Sea Bass Predominantly benthic Some species lack hemoglobin and exhibit clear blood
	Order Perciformes Superorder Blenniodei Family Blenniidae	Combtooth or Sabretooth Blennies Mimic cleaner fishes
	Order Perciformes Superorder Icosteoidei Family Icosteidae	Ragfish Spineless, scaleless Uncalcified, cartilaginous skeleton
	Order Perciformes Suborder Gobiesocoidei Family Gobiesocidae	Clingfish Amphibious Intertidal areas Pelvic fin modified for suction to substrate
	Order Perciformes Suborder Gobioidei Family Gobiidae	Gobies Largest family of fishes Fused pelvic fins Includes amphibious mudskipper
	Order Perciformes Suborder Kurtoidei Family Kurtidae	Nurseryfish Males have modified disk on head for egg brooding
	Order Perciformes Suborder Acanthuroidei	Batfish, Moorish Idol, Surgeonfish
	Order Perciformes Suborder Xiphioidei Family Xiphiidae Family Istiophoridae	Swordfish, Billfish Distinctive extension of premaxilla
	Order Perciformes Suborder Scombroidei Family Scombridae	Tuna, Mackerel Adaptations for mobile, open sea existence Highly effected by overfishing Bluefin sold for $173,600
	Series Percomorpha Order Pleuronectiformes Families?	Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae Achiridae Cynoglossidae
	Series Percomorpha Order Pleuronectiformes Characteristics	Eye migration - Left or Right dependent on species Benthic lifestyle - No gas bladder Some possess ability to change pigmentation
	Order Pleuronectiformes Family Paralichthyidae	Left/Sinistral Eye Flounder
	Order Pleuronectiformes Family Pleuronectidae	Right/Dextral Eye flounder
	Order Pleuronectiformes Family Achiridae	American sole, hogchocker Freshwater tolerant
	Order Pleuronectiformes Family Cynoglossidae	Tonguefish Most elongate of flatfishes No distinctive caudal fin
	Series Percomorpha Order Tetradontiformes Families?	Balistidae Diodontidae Molidae
	Series Percomorpha Order Tetradontiformes	Most diversified of teleosts 4 teeth in outer jaws Loss or fusion of numerous bones Majority marine
	Order Tetradontiformes Family Balistidae	Triggerfishes Long, stout first dorsal fin First spine can spring up
	Order Tetradontiformes Family Diodontidae	Spiny puffers, Burrfishes
	Order Tetradontiformes Family Molidae	Tropical Molas Most advanced fishes Pseudocaudal tail fin Produce up to 300 million eggs

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