Ichthyology Exam 3

Front 1

Pfisteria piscidida

Back 1

Causes parasitic lesions on fish. Found in many forms. When it blooms in really high levels it will use the fish to grow and reproduce more before they die.

Front 2

Hog farm issue

Back 2

Waste retention pond from hog farm and flooding results in an extreme amount of pfisteria growth.

Front 3

Whirling disease

Back 3

Protozoan causes this disease- Myxobolus cerebralis.

Destroys cartilage in juvenile trout. Complex life cycle that can survive all sorts of environmal challenges. Cartilage deformities result in fish swimming in weird circular patterns.

Economic issue for those wanting to fly-fish (tourism).

Front 4

Large mouth bass virus

Back 4

Very wide spread. Lesions, affects swim bladder.

Front 5

Furunculosis

Back 5

Aeromonas salmonicida. Problem for farming / raising fish in near-shore ocean environments. Bloody lesions in body near anal fins

Front 6

Sea lice

Back 6

Parasitic isopods. Can use wrasses for cleaning stations to remove parasites

Front 7

Parasitic copopods

Back 7

Hookworms, anchorworms

Front 8

Cymothoa

Back 8

Parasitic isopod that feeds on the tongue and gradually replaces the tongue in the mouth.

Front 9

Lampsilis glochidia

Back 9

Freshwater muscles (Lampsilis glochidia) are non-mobile bivalves with swimming offspring that disperse elsewhere. The muscle tricks the large mouth bass to squirt its offspring into its mouth. The baby bivalves attach to the largemouth bass’s gills.

Front 10

Snuff box muscle and logperch

Back 10

Log perch is trapped by the snuff box mussel and it’s young are distributed to its mouth

Front 11

What part of the mussel is replicating a fish?

Back 11

The mantle edge

Front 12

What three things had to evolve for the bivalves to be able to reproduce parasitically?

Back 12

Appear (color and patterns) like the fish they are trying to replicate.

Be able to twitch the mantle edge in a way that looks like a fish.

The offspring they are shooting out must be “spring loaded” where they can grab onto the gills of the fish.

Front 13

Bivariant risk pattern with fish

Back 13

Predation from piscivorous fish can be mitigated by going to shallower waters. However, as the waters get shallower, predation from wading birds increases.

Front 14

As you go farther away from the equator, species diversity..

Back 14

Decreases.

Front 15

Coprophagy

Back 15

Consuming feces as food

Front 16

Coprophagy is often found in who?

Back 16

Herbivorous fish. This is because the diatoms and plant material are difficult to digest. This alters the food web

Front 17

Introduction of alewives (Clupeidae) leads to what in zooplankton community?

Back 17

Reduced size distribution. This could lead to a reduce in primary production. (Community-wide metric)

Front 18

What did the experiment with the Peter and Paul lakes determine?

Back 18

This experiment showed that manipulating the food web can result in changes such as increasing water quality.

Front 19

Define standing crop

Back 19

Number of individuals per time

Front 20

Lotic

Back 20

Flowing water

Front 21

Lenthic

Back 21

Standing water

Front 22

Define ontogenetic shifts

Back 22

Ontogenetic shift is the space an organism needs as it ages. Competition between sunfish and bass (young) may inhibit bass aging.

Front 23

Top down effects can be buffered or eliminated by: (2phrases)

Back 23

Bottom-up effects (ex. Fertilizers or nutrient inputs into reservoir ex. Phosphate in lake Washington in soaps) and Demography

Front 24

Anadromous

Back 24

Species of fish that migrate to the ocean

Front 25

What can the RNA/DNA ratio tell us about a fish?

Back 25

Organisms that grow rapidly (increasing biomass) have more RNA, so this ratio will be higher.

Front 26

Nitrogen and phosphorous poop problem

Back 26

Phosphorous is sequestered (because it’s hard to come by) in animals. Therefore, the poop is high in nitrogen. Bacteria that can breakdown the nitrogen in fish poop is noxious.

Front 27

Ecosystem ecology of Greek chub nests

Back 27

The primary producers love the islands of hard rock that the creek chub make into nests because the increase in exposed hard surfaces.

Front 28

What’s meant by “species flock”?

Back 28

Lake bailable, lake tanganyika, lake titicaca. One family takes on various roles in the ecosystem of lakes.

Front 29

The problem of confounding phyletic history in regards to evolutionary ecology is mitigated by what

Back 29

Using intra-specific variation to test traits and performance without the confounding factor of evolutionary time.

Front 30

What did Ehlinger and Wilson test?

Back 30

If there is any difference between bluegill in open-water and shallow (habitats) fish?

Front 31

Schluter’s experiment tried to see what?

Back 31

What’s maintaining the separation of the morphs of sticklebacks?

Front 32

Describe the reproductive strategies of hagfish.

Back 32

Hagfish have a single gonad perhaps with both testicular and ovarian tissues. Hermaphrodites are typically protandric. Gametes travel from body cavity and are released to the external environment through pores in their body wall. Eggs have hooks so they latch onto things or together.

Front 33

Define protandric

Back 33

Hermaphroditism with males first developing into females later

Front 34

Describe the reproductive strategies of lamprey

Back 34

Lamprey are dioecious (not hermaphroditic) with a single gonad. Gametes released through pores.

Front 35

Define ovovivivarous

Back 35

Eggs hatch inside female. Live birth

Front 36

Describe reproductive strategies of chimaera

Back 36

Paired gonads. Pelvic clasper, abdominal clasper, and frontal tentaculum (possibly head-clasper). Females can store sperm

Front 37

Describe bony fish reproductive strategies.

Back 37

Gymnovarian and Cystovarian (more common).

Cystovarian- developmentally start as Gymnovarian. ovary is continuous with oviduct (no release of eggs into coelom)

Gymnovarian - ovary is discontinuous with oviduct. Eggs are released to coelom.

Little association between tested and kidney. (Sharks have a lot of association).

Front 38

Vitellogenesis definition

Back 38

Development of egg yolk

Front 39

Oviparous def’n

Back 39

External fertilization. Pelagic and demersal (being laid with a sticky property to the eggs)

Front 40

Lecithotrophic vs. matrotrophic

Back 40

Ovoviviparous strategies.

Lecithotrophic- no add’n nourishment beyond yolk

Matrotrophic - some add’n nourishment from female

Front 41

What are cues to reproduce?

Back 41

Increase in flow rate of stream, tidal cycles in marine species, day length, higher temperatures, social cues, sedimentation

Front 42

Iteroparity vs. semelparity

Back 42

Iteroparity- Reproduce many times.

Semelparity- reproduce once per life.

Front 43

Def’n cuckolder

Back 43

Cuckolder fish are male fish with a variation in reproductive strategy. These are small males that look like females in appearance and interfere with spawning between large males and females by quickly ambushing and pushing their sperm. Aka satellite fish or jack-salmon

Front 44

Promiscuous definition

Back 44

Many males mating with many females

Front 45

Promiscuous definition

Back 45

Many males mating with many females

Front 46

Monogamous definition

Back 46

One pair of mates

Front 47

Polygamous, polygynous, polyandrous

Back 47

Polygamous - group of mates.

Polyandrous- one female many males.

Polygynous - one male many females

Front 48

Protandrous

Back 48

Hermaphroditism with males first then females later.

Front 49

Parthenogenesis

Back 49

Reproduction w/o males

Front 50

Gynogenesis

Back 50

A type of parthenogenesis with triploid eggs. Sperm of a different taxa with induce fertilization-reaction (acrosomatic reaction) without actually fertilizing. Offspring is genetically identically to mother.

Front 51

Hybridogenesis

Back 51

Type of parthenogenesis. Mother mates via internal fertilization with male. Genomes combine for offspring but only mothers genetic line is passed on.

Front 52

Secondary sex characteristics

Back 52

Differences in males and females (physical) that distinguish males and females. Examples; tubercles (m), coloration, size,

Front 53

Phototaxis

Back 53

Immediate behavioral response to light.

Front 54

Geotaxis

Back 54

Behavioral response to gravity. Otoliths (unattached chips of bone) that determine orientation of gravity.

Front 55

Electrotaxis/galvanotaxis

Back 55

Behavioral response to electricity. Only found in aquatic organisms because air is not good conductor of electricity. Ampullae are passive receptors.

Front 56

Magnetotaxis

Back 56

Detection of a magnetic field. Controversial. Determined well in birds. Magnetite in avian brain orients itself.

Front 57

Thigmotaxis

Back 57

Orientation to objects in environment.

Front 58

Rheotaxis

Back 58

Orientation to flow or running water. Drag is reduced by orienting upstream.

Front 59

Rheotaxis and Thigmotaxis together

Back 59

Optometer response.

Front 60

Chemotaxis

Back 60

Response to chemical cues. Is important for salmon migration.

Front 61

Schreckreaktion

Back 61

Predator-avoidance reaction. Metal poisoning may reduce Schreckreaktion.

Front 62

Label the eye

Back 62

Back (Definition)

Front 63

Snell’s window

Back 63

90 degree angle of view

Front 64

How to animals focus?

Back 64

Humans alter the effective diameter of the lens. Fish move the lens closer or farther away from the cornea. Sharks can change the angle of the retina.

Front 65

External nares

Back 65

No connection to pharyngeal region.

Front 66

Rosette

Back 66

Increase in surface area of epithelium with tons of folds and olfactory neurons in the bottom of the external nares.

Front 67

Function of flap of skin on external nares.

Back 67

Creates negative pressure across opening. Also, creates unidirectional flow of water through nares.

Front 68

Function of lateral line

Back 68

Mechanoreception. Based on basic hair cell. When cilia are deflected they change neurotransmitters firing. These are always produced. But can increase in firing or decrease. Tells brain: I got moved and which direction.

Front 69

What’s the lateral line geared towards detecting?

Back 69

Low frequency/high amplitude disturbances. Such as bulk movement of water. *NOT NOiSE*

Front 70

Mauthner cells

Back 70

Organizes inputs of hair cells on each side of the body. Mauthner cell stimulates opposite side cells to contract resulting in c-start. Regulates escape responses. Results in fish not having to think about escaping prey in some circumstances.