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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the pros of reintroductions? |
cultural benefits, economic benefits, and ecological benefits |
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what are the cons of reintroductions? |
costly, labor intensive, logistically difficult, long-term endeavor, low success rates, animal welfare issues, detract from in situ efforts, false sense of security |
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Give a couple examples of case studies that highlight the challenges and successes of reintroductions |
Black footed ferret, Florida panther, Red wolves, African wild dog, |
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what is captive propagation? |
Breeding and rearing animals in captivity |
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Define Introduction |
releasing animals where they have not previously existed |
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Define reintroduction |
releasing animals in places where the previously existed |
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Define translocation |
removing individuals from a source population and releasing them in a different location |
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what are the factors to consider before reintroduction/translocation? |
-Pop growth or inc genetic diversity needed? -Source? -Endanger existing populations? -Original threat addressed? -Suitable habitat? -Nearby people's opinions? -Support from state, fed ,cons agencies? -scientific protocol? -new methods? -quantifiable benchmarks? |
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What is the goal of reintros/translocos? |
population to become self-sustaining |
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What is ideal in reference to reintros/translocos? |
Its much better to maintain existing populations than to restore them |
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What is the general rule for reintroductions? |
They are small-scale, costly, and highly intensive. |
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what is the ecological role of large herbivores? |
ecosystem engineers, food for predators and scavengers, synergy b/w herbivores, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, fire, small animals, humans |
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What are the key threats facing large herbivores? why? |
Exploitation, livestock, land-use change, and conflict |
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Which taxa of large herbivores are at greatest risk? why? |
Proboscidea, primates, artiodactyla, and perissodactyla |
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What are management approaches used for hyper-abundant herbivores? |
culling, contraception, translocation, physical barriers, hunting by humans, population re-distribution/behavioral modification |
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What are management approaches used for threatened herbivores? |
Specific harvests, address poaching, protect areas, educate and outreach, local community involvement, create economic incentives |
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what are examples of re-distribution/behavioral modification? |
aversive conditioning, supplementary feeding, artificial water holes |
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why do mammals need to migrate? |
to find higher quality food and avoid competition |
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which mammals migrate? |
large herbivores, marine mammals, and bats |
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What are the threats to migrations? |
human development, fences, roads, gas and oil development, climate change |
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what are wildlife biologists doing to understand animal movements and migrations? |
radio telemetry |
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What are the key approaches being used to manage movements and migrations? |
migration corridors, target stop-over sites, habitat enhancement, coordination |
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Why is connectivity important to mammal populations? |
influences population dynamics and metapopulation persistence |
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What is a meta population? |
a population of populations, where dynamics of multiple populations depend on vital rates within and also among populations |
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What are some factors that determine who disperses? |
Species specificity, age (juveniles>adults), sex (males>females) |
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How can corridors act as ecological traps? |
high amount of edge in a corridor. Small area that could possibly be difficult to traverse through |
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how are managers creating corridors and improving landscape connectivity? |
overpasses/underpasses, establish national (or international) migratory corridor networks, |
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What factors determine how far mammals disperse? |
body size, diet (carnivores > herbivores), habitat preference, social structure, current landscape |
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What are fishers dependent on for reproduction? |
Legacy trees |
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What are fishers threatened by? |
Widespread logging |
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In fishers, what is the extreme cost of raising young? |
Females provide solo parental care and energy expenditure more than doubles during lactation. |
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How does the body size of a female fisher relate to its risk of predation? (predation by whom?) |
Females are smaller in size to increase energy-conservation during gestation so they are more vulnerable to predation by bobcats |
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What are the main causes of mortaility in Fisher? |
Predation by bobcats, mountain lions and poisoning from rodenticides |
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why are mountain lions less negatively impacted by anthropogenic alteration of the landscape? |
Dont require specific habitat features for reproduction, are wary of humans, only require large areas for home range, prey, and cover to use for hunting |
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What is the relationship between bears and mountain lions |
Bears have pushed mountain lions out, causing them to predate on small mammals rather than deer. |
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What is the traditional view on wildlife disease? |
wildlife populations can compensate for disease losses by increased reproduction and survival of young |
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What event changed the traditional view on wildlife disease? |
The Rinderest virus introduced in Africa and Asia in 1900 which caused mass mortality of wild ungulates and cattle |
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What is often the biggest challenge when managing diseases? |
public perception, politics, and social values overriding biological realities |
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What are some examples of the challenge in managing wildlife diseases? |
Bovine TB and rabies |
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Who are the stakeholders in wildlife disease management? |
Ecologists and research institutions, wildlife managers, hunters, recreation industry, economists, livestock industry, large corporations, international representatives |
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What is Brucellosis? |
Zoonotic disease in ungulates |
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What is canine distemper virus? |
A virus that infects domestic and wild dogs, mustelids, procyonids and wild felids and has the potential to destroy whole populations |
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What is pneumonia? |
Bacterial disease in bighorn and domestic sheep caused by lungworm with snails as an intermediate host. More dramatic in bighorn because they are less capable of killing the bacteria |
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what is white nose bat syndrome? |
Fungal disease effecting cave roosting bats and causing them to wake up during hibernation. |
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what is chronic wasting disease? |
Prion disease found in cervids and is always fatal |
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What is the plague? |
Zoonotic, bacterial infection introduced in NA in late 1800s spread by infected fleas on small mammals. |
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What DFTD |
Devil facial tumor disease. A transmissible parasitic cancer spread through head bites when fighting |
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What caused the Saiga die-off? |
Polymicrobial disease where pathogens present in the body had the opportunity to multiply unchecked leasing to 1/2 global population to die in 2015 |
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How do we manage mammal reduction? |
Agent and vector reduction, host management, immunization, environment management, integrated approach |
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Are we likely to be able to completely eradicate wildlife diseases? why? What should we focus on istead? |
No because of such large populations across vast landscapes and not with our current technology, attitudes, and applications. Focus on risks of transmissions and disrupting the transmissions |
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How are diseases investigated? |
population surveys, field observations, necropsys, modeling, |
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What are the three steps involved in investigating a disease? |
1) is the disease present? 2) what is causing it? 3) what effects does it have on populations? |
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what is the best indicator of disease? |
Decline in population numbers |
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what do field observations look for when investigating diseases? |
age of carcass, population structure of infected animals, involvement of more than one species, proximity of water, presence of vectors |
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what are the components of a SIR model? What does the SIR model rely on? |
Sesceptible, infections, recovered. Relies on individuals moving from one stage of the disease to the next at a predictable rate |
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the number of breeding individuals in an ideal population that would lose genetic variation |
effective population |
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the loss of genetic variants due to random sampling from one generation to the next |
genetic drift |
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particular combinations of alleles at co-linear positions along a stretch of DNA |
haplotypes |
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decrease in health and fitness often observed in offspring resulting from inbreeding |
inbreeding depression |
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a region of the genome under selection that encodes a phenotype with fitness consequences in a particular environment |
adaptive locus |
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What are the different types of genetic markers? |
allozymes, mtDNA, microsatellites, minisatellites, AFLPs, SNPs |
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What kind of analyses are allozymes used for? |
Distinguishing between species, populations, and sub-populations |
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What kind of analyses are mtDNA used for? |
Distinguishing between species and populations |
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What kind of analyses are microsatellites used for? |
Distinguishing between sub-populations and individuals, and Parentage analysis |
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What kind of analyses are minisatellites used for? |
Individual ID and parentage analysis |
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What kind of analyses are AFLPs used for? |
Individual ID and parentage analysis |
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What kind of analyses are SNPs used for? |
Species ID and to tell how structured a population is |
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what kinds of data can non-invasive sampling provide? |
estimate abundance, vital rates, get info on elusive species |
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Describe Apendix 1 of CITES |
Trade permitted only under exceptional circumstances (3% of all species) |
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Describe Apendix 2 of CITES |
Trade strictly controlled (97% of all species) |
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Describe Apendix 3 of CITES |
Request for assistance in controlling trade of species protected in a specific country |
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How are agreements enforced under CITES? |
Enforced by individual countries |
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What mammals were effected in the CITES global wildlife summit |
Pangolin, rhinos, lions, elephants |
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What decision was made at the CITES global wildlife summit last year involving the Pangolin? |
Cites put it into the highest category of protection (app. 1) |
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What decision was made at the CITES global wildlife summit last year involving rhinos? |
Proposal to sell 330kg stockpile of horn was defeated |
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What decision was made at the CITES global wildlife summit last year involving the african lion? |
Motion to increase protective measures defeated |
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What decision was made at the CITES global wildlife summit last year involving elephants? |
Closure of all domestic ivory markets that contribute to illegal trade and poaching |
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What is the current status of the pangolin? |
Critically endangered |
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What are the four approaches to managing urban wildlife? |
Research, education, infrastructure upgrades, clear policies |
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What are methods to dealing with problem animals in urban environments |
Reproductive management, relocate, repellents, lethal control |
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What are the issues with relocating problem animals in urban environments? |
Expensive, time consuming and not always effective |
