Male Reproductive Tract Pathology

Front 1

Developmental congenital abnormalities of the scrotum?

Back 1

Agenesis in cryptorchid animals

Failure of fusion leading to scrotal clefs or bifurcation.

Front 2

Name the scrotal skin lesions you can get?

Back 2

Frostbite

Infectious/parasitic/Autoimmune dermatitis

Neoplasia- primary mesothelioma

Front 3

In what animal are scrotal hernias common?

Back 3

Horses following open castration

Front 4

Anorchia refers to?

Back 4

Complete failure of testicular development

Front 5

Testicular agenesis refers to?

Back 5

Failure of one teste to develop

Front 6

List the congenital abnormalities of the testes?

Back 6

1) Anorchia

2) Testicular agenesis

3) Cryptorchidism

4)Testicular hypoplasia

Front 7

What is crpytorchidism? Cause?

Back 7

Incomplete descent of testes found either at posterior pole of kidney to the external inguinal ring.

Believed to be hereditary.

Front 8

Risks with cryptorchidism?

Back 8

Increased risk of torsion.

Reduced fertility.

Increased risk of neoplasia.

Front 9

Histologically what would a crpytorchidism testicle look like?

Back 9

Hypoplastic tubules containing sertoli cells.

Increase fibrous tissue

Thickened BM.

Image with massons trichrome to highlight the extensive fibrosis.

Front 10

What is testicular hypoplasia?

Back 10

Testes fail to grow to normal size due to a range of factors.

Front 11

Causes of testicular hypoplasia?

Back 11

Genetic: Sex linked Autosomal recessive

Environmental

Hormonal factors like an endocrine deficiency

Chromosomal abnormalities like XXY male tortoiseshell cat.

Front 12

What is the most common cause of infertility?

Back 12

Testicular degeneration/atrophy.

Front 13

What decides if atrophy of a testicle in unilateral or bilateral?

Back 13

If the cause is systemic or localized.

Front 14

When can regeneration occur with testicular atrophy?

Back 14

Regeneration can occur if the cause is removed before the spermatogonia are all destroyed.

Front 15

List the aetiological causes of testicular atrophy?

Back 15

1) Infections epididymitis

2) Aging

3) Chemicals and hormones

4) Physical conditions like temperature

5) Hypoxia

6) Nutritional disorders.

Front 16

How will atrophied testes feel?

Back 16

Soft and small with loss of turgor. With chronicity become firm and hard due to mineralization also adopt a wrinkled appearance.

Front 17

Histological features of atrophied testicles?

Back 17

1) Failure of maturation and formation of spermatids and loss of spermatogonia

2) Sertoli cells are vacuolated and lost.

3) Mineralization and fibrosis

4) The basement membrane is thickened and wavy.

Front 18

Why is the testicular blood supply so vulnerable to trauma?

Back 18

The venous and arterial blood supply is restricted within the spermatic cord.

Front 19

Examples of aetiologies leading to circulatory disturbances of the testicular blood supply?

Back 19

1) Torsion of the spermatic cord.

2) Thrombosis

3) Occlusion of testicular artery.

Front 20

What diseases can lead to vasculitis and arteritis of the testicular blood supply?

Back 20

Malignant bovine catarrhal fever.

Equine arteritis virus

Front 21

Ultimately what does disruption of the blood supply of the testes lead to?

Back 21

Degeneration

Atrophy

Necrosis

Front 22

What is a Variocoele?

Back 22

Tortuous/dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus.

Common in old rams and can affect thermoregulation and as result fertility.

Front 23

What is Orchitis?

Back 23

Inflammation of the testes that is rare and sporadic

Front 24

What happens with Orchitis?

Back 24

Sperm are released into the interstitial tissue leading to granuloma.

Front 25

Causes of orchitis?

Back 25

Haematogenous spread e.g. Brucella, feline infectious peritonitis.

Ascending infection

Secondary infection following localized trauma

Front 26

Gross presentation of orchitis?

Back 26

Swollen, hot and painful testes.

Necrosis can occur as the tunica albuginea cannot expand.

Front 27

Histological presentations of Orchitis?

Back 27

Necrosis of the seminferous epithelium with or without exudate.

Granulomatous inflammation

Fibrosis

Mineralization.

Front 28

Name the germinal cell tumors arising in the testes?

Back 28

Teratoma

Seminoma

Front 29

Sex chord type neoplasms in the testicles?

Back 29

Seritoli cell tumours

Leydig cell tumours.

Front 30

What is feminisation syndrome associated with and why?

Back 30

Sertoli cell tumor due to oestrogen production

Front 31

Clinical signs of Feminisation?

Back 31

Attractive to male dogs.

Decreased libido.

Symmetrical alopecia.

Mammry hyperplasia.

Preputial oedema.

Hyperplastic/squamous metaplasia.

Contralateral testicular atrophy.

BM suppression due to high levels of oestrogen.

Front 32

What causes a sperm granuloma?

Back 32

Sperm released into the interstitial tissue leading to a foreign body type reaction.

May be congenital due to blind ending efferent tubules.

Front 33

What is a spermatocoele?

Back 33

Cystic dilation of the epididymis causes accumulation of semen with rupture and sperm granulomas.

Front 34

What is epididymitis?

Back 34

Inflammation of the epididymis and may occur with inflammation of the accessory sex glands too.

Front 35

How is epididymitis caused?

Back 35

Ascending bacterial infection

Systemic

Direct penetrating wound.

Front 36

What is funiculitis and when does it usually occur?

Back 36

Inflammation of the spermatic cord especially following castration.

Front 37

What is ampullitis most common in?

Back 37

Young bulls

Front 38

Congential abnormalites of the penis and prepuce?

Back 38

Absence or agenesis

Absence of the sigmoid flexure.

Persistent penile frenulum

Phimosis-penis cannot be extruded.

Paraphimosis- penis cannot returns after erection.

Front 39

What is hypospadias/epispadias?

Back 39

Urethral malformation due to failure of fusion with the urogenital sinus.

Abnormal openings on ventral Hypospadia or dorsal epispadia.

Front 40

What is priapism?

Back 40

Penile paralysis common in horses following acepromazine administration.

Front 41

What is posthitis?

Back 41

Inflammation of the prepuce

Front 42

What is balanitis?

Back 42

Inflammation of the glans penis.

Front 43

Cause of balanoposthitis in the dog ?

Back 43

Bacterial infection from staph, ecolis, streps.

Canid herpes virus.

Front 44

Cause of balanoposthitis in the bull?

Back 44

Bovine herpes virus 1 IBR.

Front 45

Causes of balanoposthitis in the ram? How does it appear?

Back 45

Corynebacterium renale from contaminated bedding or flies also urea rich urine.

Common in wethers.

Ulcerative

Front 46

Causes of balanoprothitis in the horse?

Back 46

Equine coital exanthema

Front 47

What causes transmissable fibropapilloma in what species?

Back 47

Bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2 in cattle

Front 48

Name the 4 main tumor types of the penis and prepuce?

Back 48

Transmissable fibropapilloma

SCC-horse

Melanoma-Grey horse

Transmissible veneral tumour

Front 49

Features to look for in a teratoma?

Back 49

Teratomas are generally very rare.

They are of germ cell origin and often possess things like teeth, cartilage and bone.

Front 50

What are seminoma characterised by?

Back 50

Tumor of the spermatogonia

Lymphoid aggregates

Sheets of cells

Front 51

How can we characterize leydig cell tumors?

Back 51

Protinuous or blood filled spaces in it.

Spaces with protein.

Grossly yellowish to orange

Front 52

Most common tumor is cyrptorchid animals?

Back 52

Tumor of the sertoli cells

Front 53

Features of a sertoli cell tumor?

Back 53

Looks of connective tissue.

Front 54

Which tumors of the testis are most likely to spread?

Back 54

Seminoma

Sertoli cell tumors.