Macromolecules

Front 1

how many bonds can carbon form?

Back 1

4

Front 2

carbon likes to bond with hydrogen to form...

Back 2

hydrocarbons

Front 3

what are hydrocarbons?

Back 3

compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen

Front 4

organic molecules are composed of... (3 things)

Back 4

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 5

what kind of structure do organic molecules have?

Back 5

3D

Front 6

what are the four major groups of organic compounds?

Back 6

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Front 7

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all...

Back 7

macromolecules

Front 8

what are macromolecules?

Back 8

large complex molecules

Front 9

what are macromolecules structured as?

Back 9

polymers

Front 10

what are polymers?

Back 10

complex molecules made by stringing together many small molecules called monomers

Front 11

what is dehydration synthesis?

Back 11

the process of linking monomers together to form polymers that results in loss of water

Front 12

what is hydrolysis?

Back 12

the breaking of macromolecules through the addition of water

Front 13

what are carbohydrates?

Back 13

sugars

Front 14

monomers= monosaccharides= simple sugars

molecular formula?

used for?

Back 14

molecular formula: C6 H12 O6

used for short term energy

Front 15

what are some examples of monosaccharides?

Back 15

glucose and fructose

Front 16

what are isomers?

Back 16

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

Front 17

what are disaccharides?

Back 17

2 monosaccharides bonded together (through dehydration synthesis)

Front 18

what are some examples of disaccharides?

Back 18

sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose = sucrose

lactose (milk sugar)
glucose + galactose = lactose

maltose (in germinating grain)
glucose + glucose = maltose

Front 19

what are polysaccharides?

Back 19

- complex carbohydrates
- long chains or sugar units

Front 20

what are polysaccharides used for?

Back 20

packing and storing sugar units for when energy is needed

Front 21

what are some examples of polysaccharides?

Back 21

starch: form of stored sugars in plant roots. potatoes, wheat, rice, and corn contain starch
cellulose: structural component of plants- found in cell walls. animals are unable to digest it. we know it as fiber.
glycogen: form of stored sugar in animals- found in liver and muscles

Front 22

what are lipids?

Back 22

fats, oils, and waxes

Front 23

lipids are hydrophobic. what does hydrophobic mean?

Back 23

water- hating (because they are non-polar)

Front 24

what are lipids used for?

Back 24

-energy storage (fats)
-structure ((cell membrane)phospholipids)
chemical messengers (steroid molecules)

Front 25

what are fats composed of?

Back 25

triglycerides

3 fatty acid molecules = 1 glycerol molecule = 1 triglyceride

Front 26

what kind of chains do saturated fats have?
what are saturated fats at room temperature?

Back 26

straight chain
solid

Front 27

what kind of chains do unsaturated fats have?
what are unsaturated fats at room temperature?

Back 27

bent chain
liquid

Front 28

phospholipids
__ + __ =__

-
-

Back 28

2 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol = 1 phosphate molecule

- the phospholipid molecule is attached to the first carbon of the glycerol molecule
-phospholipids are amphipathic

Front 29

what are phospholipids used for?

Back 29

structure in the cell membrane

Front 30

how many layers of phospholipids form the cell membrane?

Back 30

2

Front 31

what are protein monomers?

Back 31

amino acids

Front 32

how many amino acids are there?

Back 32

20

Front 33

amino acids are composed of what 5 parts?

Back 33

- central carbon atom
- hydrogen
-amino group
-carboxylic acid group
- R group (something different for each type of amino acid)

Front 34

amino acids are joined together by what kind of bond?

Back 34

peptide bond

Front 35

amino acids are joined together through the process of ....
*hint* what links monomers together?

Back 35

dehydration synthesis

Front 36

what do polypeptides need to do in order to function properly?

Back 36

fold

Front 37

what do hydrogen bonds between amino acid groups lead to?

Back 37

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet patterns

Front 38

what is a tertiary structure?

Back 38

additional chemical bonds and interactions between amino acids lead to a 3D shape

Front 39

what is a quaternary structure?

Back 39

when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain bonded together

Front 40

what allows protein to function properly?

Back 40

its shape

Front 41

what does denature mean?

Back 41

unfold a protein

Front 42

what can cause a protein to denature?

Back 42

unfavorable PH and tempurature

Front 43

what are nucleic acids?

Back 43

-your genetic material
-DNA and RNA
-information storing molecules

Front 44

a lot of the information nucleic acids store is on ...

Back 44

how to make all the proteins in your body

Front 45

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Back 45

nucleotides

Front 46

nucleotides are composed of what 3 things?

Back 46

- a sugar
- a nitrogenous base
- phosphate group

Front 47

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Back 47

Different: they use different sugars. DNA uses deoxyribose. RNA uses ribose. they use different nitrogen bases. DNA uses thymine. RNA uses uracil. DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded.
Same: both are 5 carbon ring sugars. they have three nitrogen bases in common: adenine, guanine, and cytosine.

Front 48

what element can be found in proteins but not carbohydrates or lipids?

Back 48

Nitrogen

Front 49

what determines the shape of a protein?

Back 49

the order of the amino acids

Front 50

a change in temperature results in a change in protein... and ultimately protein...

Back 50

protein shape and ultimately protein function

Front 51

what nucleotide is a valuable form of energy for the cell?

Back 51

ATP

Front 52

wax paper repels water because wax is ...

Back 52

non polar, hydrophobic

Front 53

why are lipids good at storing energy?

Back 53

they contain a high portion of carbon-hydrogen bonds

Front 54

unsaturated fatty acids contain...

Back 54

one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

Front 55

what does amphipathic mean?

Back 55

a molecule that is "water-loving" (i.e., polar) at one end and "water-hating" (i.e., nonpolar) at the other end; helps hold polar and nonpolar molecules together; characteristic of the phospholipid molecules in the membranes of living things

Front 56

why are amphipathic molecules important?

Back 56

They are important to the human body because they function as transporters of hydrophobic material in the body, which is mostly water.