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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Logic?
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Logic is the science and art of reasoning well.
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What is the definition of the Law of Excluded Middle?
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The Law of Excluded Middle: Any statement is either true or false.
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What is the definition of the Law of Identity?
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The Law of Identity: If a statement is true, the it is true.
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What is the definition of the Law of Noncontradiction?
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The Law of Noncontradiction: A statement cannot be both true and false.
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What is the definition of Formal Logic?
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Formal Logic deals with the proper modes of reasoning.
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What is the definition of Informal Logic? |
Informal Logic deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning.
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What is the definition of Induction?
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Induction is reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules.
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What is the definition of Deduction?
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Deduction is reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions.
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What is the definition of the word Term?
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A Term is a concept that is expressed precisely in words. |
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What is the definition of Definition? |
A Definition is a statement that gives the meaning of a term.
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What is the definition of an Ambiguous? |
An Ambiguous word has more than one definition.
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What is the definition of Vague? |
Unclear in extent.
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A definition that reduces the vagueness of a term in a particular situation.
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What is a stipulative definition? |
A definition for a new word, or for an existing word applied in a new way. |
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What is a theoretical definition? |
A definition that provides a theoretical (eg. scientific or philosophical) meaning of the term. |
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What are persuasive definitions? (From the book.) |
All these definitions aim at persuading the listener one way or another toward the term being defined, and as such are called persuasive definitions. pg. 11 #6
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What is the definition of Genus? |
A Genus of a term a is a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it. |
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What is the definition of Species? |
A Species of a term is a term that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it. |
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What is the definition of "The Extension of a Term"? |
"The Extension of a Term" is the sum of all the individual objects described by it. |
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What is the Definition of the Intension of a term? |
The Intension of a term is the sum of all the common attributes denoted by the term. |
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What does it mean to "Define By Synonym"? (From the book) |
Defining by Synonym. When you look in the dictionary for the definition of a word, you often find a synonym (a word with the same meaning) of the word listed. Pg. 27 #1 |
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What does it mean to "Define by Example"? (From the book) |
Defining by Example. Another way children (and adults) are taught the meanings of words is by being given examples of them. pg. 27 #2 |
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What does it mean to "Define by Genus and Difference"? (From the book) |
Defining by genus and difference. This is often the clearest method (though perhaps the most difficult) for defining terms, not being subject to the limitations of defining by synonym or example. In this method, a term is defined by naming its genus, and then adding descriptive words that distinguish that term from every other species under that genus-that is, by providing the difference. pg. 28 #3` |
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1 of 6 rules for defining by genus and difference. |
A definition should state the essential attributes of the term. pg. 33 |
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2/6 rules for defining by genus and species. |
A definition should not be circular. pg. 34 |
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3/6 rules for defining by genus and species. |
A definition should not be too broad nor too narrow. pg.34 |
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4/6 rules for defining by genus and species. |
A definition should not be unclear of figurative. pg.34 |
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5/6 rules for defining genus and species. |
A definition should be stated positively, if possible. pg. 35 |
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6/6 rules for defining genus and species. |
A definition should be of the same part of speech as the term. pg. 35 |
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What is the Definition of a statement? |
A statement is a sentence that is either true or false. |
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What is the definition of true? |
Something that is correct. |
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What is the definition of False? |
Something that is in correct. |
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What is the definition of command? |
To command is to order someone or something. For ex. Get those eggs. |
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What is the definition of a self- supporting statement? |
A self supporting statement is a statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself. |
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What is the definition of self-supporting statements? |
A self-supporting statement are statements that have immediately apparent truth values. |
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What is the definition of self-reports? |
A self- report is a statement by a person concerning his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings. |
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What are statements that are true or false by logical structure? |
This is a statement that can be seen to be true or false by how the sentence is put together. |
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What is the definition of tautology? |
A tautology is a statement that is always true by logical structure. |
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What is the definition of self-contradiction? |
A self-contradiction is a statement that is false due to its logical structure. |
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Statements that are true or false by definition. |
Some statements are necessarily true or false because of the definitions of the words in the sentence. |
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What is the definition of a supported statement?
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A supported statement is a statement whose truth value depends on evidence of information from outside itself.
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What is the definition of Consistency?
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Two statements are consistent if they can both be true at the same time. (pg. 69) |
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What is the definition of Implication?
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Two statements are related by implication if the truth of one requires the truth of the other. (pg. 69) |
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What is the definition of Logically Equivalent?
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Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply one another. (pg. 70) |
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What is the definition of Independence?
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Two statements are independent if the truth or falsity of one has no effect on the truth or falsity of the other. (pg. 70-71) |
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1/3 What is the definition of a Real disagreement?
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A real disagreement is an actual inconsistency between two statements: they cannot both be true at the same time.
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2/3 What is the definition of an Apparent Disagreement?
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An apparent disagreement is a difference of opinion or perception. (pg. 77) |
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3/3 What is the definition of a Verbal disagreement?
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A verbal disagreement is a misunderstanding due to differing definitions for one or more words. (pg. 77)
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What is the definition of Categorical Statements?
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A categorical statement is a statement that affirms something about a given subject. (pg. 85) |
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What is the definition of a Subject?
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The subject of a statement is the term being described, or about which something is asserted. (pg. 85) |
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What is the definition of a Predicate? |
The predicate is the term that describes or asserts something about the subject. (pg. 85) |
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What is the definition of quantity of a statement?
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The quantity of a statement is the scope of its claim about the extension of the subject: universal (entire extension) or particular (partial).
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What is the definition of quality of a statement? |
The quality of a statement is the positive or negative nature of it's claim about the subject: affirmative (asserts something) or negative (denies something).
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What is the definition of the Square of Opposition?
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The square of opposition is a diagram of the basic relationships between statements with the same subject and predicate.
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What is the definition of an E statement? |
A categorical statement of the form No S is P, also called a universal negative.
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What is the definition of an I statement?
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A categorical statement of the form Some S is P, also called a particular affirmative.
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What is the definition of an A statement?
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A categorical statement of the form All S is P, also called a universal affirmative.
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What is the definition of an O statement?
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A categorical statement of the form Some S is not P, also called a particular negative.
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What is the definition of contrary? |
Two statements are contrary if and only if they can both be false but cannot both be true. |
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What is the definition of subcontrariety? |
Two statements are subcontraries if and only if both can be true but both cannot be false. |
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What is the definition of Subimplication? |
Subimplication is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular. |
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What is the definition of Superimplication? |
Superimplication is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal. |
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What is the definition of Argument?
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A set of statements, one of which appears to be implied of supported by the others. |
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What is the definition of premise? |
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What is the definition of the word conclusion? |
The statement in an argument that appears to be implied or supported by the others. |
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What is the definition of syllogism. |
A deductive argument with two premises and three terms, major, minor, and middle.
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What is the definition of categorical syllogism?
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A syllogism with each statement in categorical form.
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What is the definition of a major term?
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The major term of a syllogism is the predicate of the conclusion and is used in one premise . |
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What is the definition of a minor term? |
A minor term is the subject of the conclusion and is used in one premise.
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What is the definition of middle term? |
The middle term is found once in each premise. |
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Sound
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A sound argument is valid and has three premises and a true conclusion.
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Validity
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The condition of an argument, valid or invalid, depending on the form of the argument.
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Invalid
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In an invalid argument, it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
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What is the definition of an immediate inference?
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An immediate inference is a statement that can be inferred directly from another statement.
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What is the definition of converse?
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The converse of a statement is a statement that reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid for E and I statements.
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What is the definition of obverse?
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The obverse of a statement is a subject of the opposite quality with a negated predicate. It is valid for all statements. |
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What is the definition of the complement of a term? |
The complement of a term is the set of all terms not included in the given term. Thus the complement of the term P is non-P. |
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What is the definition of a contrapositive.
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The contrapositive of a statement is a statement that reverses and negates both the subject and predicate of the original. It is valid for A and O. |
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What is the definition of a Distributed Term?
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A term is distributed when it refer to all members of it's category (that is, its entire extension). The subject of the universal statements and the predicate of the negative statements are distributed. |
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What is the definition of the Fallacy if the Undistributed Middle? (Not from the book pg.174 explains) |
The Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle is when one of the middle terms is distributed but the other is not. To be valid they must both be distributed. |
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What is definition of the Fallacy of Two Negative Premises? (Not from the book) |
The Fallacy of Two Negative Premises is just when two premises are negative the statement is invalid. (No premises can have an E statement and an O statement in the same statement.) Ex. E statement O statement I statement Invalid |
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Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion. (Not from the book) |
It's pretty much what it sounds like. There can be no negative premise with an affirmative conclusion in a statement. |
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Fallacy of 2 Negative Premises and a Negative Conclusion. (Not from the Book) |
Again pretty much what it sounds like. 2 negative premises and an affirmative conclusion make an invalid statement. |
