Logic

Front 1

What is an argument?

Back 1

Set of statements where one is inferred from the others

Front 2

What is an inferred statement?

Back 2

A statement that is true because the others are

Front 3

What is an inferring statement?

Back 3

Premise

Front 4

What is an unsupported assertion?

Back 4

Statements that is not a clear argument

Front 5

What are Illustrations?

Back 5

Statements that describe

Front 6

What is an explanation?

Back 6

Statement that appears to be an argument, but actually is not arguing for a claim

Reasons for acknowledged facts

Front 7

What is an explananda?

Back 7

Explananda = fact to be explained

Front 8

What is an explanan?

Back 8

Statement that explains the fact

Front 9

What are inference indicators?

Back 9

Expression that indicate that an inference is being drawn

Front 10

What is a valid deductive argument?

Back 10

If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false (follows necessarily).

Front 11

When is an argument form deductively valid?

Back 11

Iff no substitution instance where premises true, conclusion false

Front 12

When is an argument deductively valid?

Back 12

Iff it is a substitution instance of a deductively valid argument form

Front 13

What is an A-type argument?

Back 13

All S are P

Front 14

What is an I-type argument?

Back 14

Some S are P

Front 15

What is an E-type argument?

Back 15

No S are P

Front 16

What is an O-type argument?

Back 16

Some S are not P

Front 17

What is logical quantity?

Back 17

Applications to all or some

Universal vs particular

Front 18

What is logical quality?

Back 18

Affirmative and negative

Front 19

What are the contradiction argument pairs?

Back 19

A-O

E-I

Front 20

What are the contrariety argument pairs?

Back 20

A-E

Front 21

What are contrariety arguments?

Back 21

A pair of statements that is impossible for both to be true

Possible for both to be false

Front 22

What are the subcontrariety argument pairs?

Back 22

I-O

Front 23

What is a subcontrariety argument?

Back 23

Pair of statements that is impossible for both to be false

Possible for both to be true

Front 24

What is a subalternation?

Back 24

If one is true, then the other must be true, but not vice-versa

Front 25

What are the subaltern pairs?

Back 25

A-I (I is the subaltern of the A)

E-O (O is the subaltern of the E)

Front 26

What are the superaltern pairs?

Back 26

I-A

O-E

Front 27

What is logical equivalence?

Back 27

Equal truth values

Front 28

What are complementary pairs?

Back 28

S and non-S

Front 29

What is the converse of an A argument?

Back 29

All P are S

Front 30

Is the converse of an A argument valid?

Back 30

No

Front 31

What is the converse of an E argument?

Back 31

No P are S

Front 32

Is the converse of an E argument valid?

Back 32

Yes

Front 33

What is the converse of an I argument?

Back 33

Some P are S

Front 34

Is the converse of an I argument valid?

Back 34

Yes

Front 35

What is the converse of an O argument?

Back 35

Some P are not S

Front 36

Is the converse of an O argument valid?

Back 36

No

Front 37

Which argument(s) can be converted by limitation?

Back 37

An A argument

Front 38

How do you convert an A argument by limitation?

Back 38

Subaltern (All -> some), then convert

Front 39

What is the obverse of an A statement?

Back 39

No S are non-P

Front 40

Is the obverse of an A statement valid?

Back 40

Yes

Front 41

What is the obverse of an E argument?

Back 41

All S are non-P

Front 42

Is the obverse of an E argument valid?

Back 42

Yes

Front 43

What is the obverse of an O argument?

Back 43

Some S are non-P

Front 44

Is the obverse of an O argument valid?

Back 44

Yes

Front 45

What is the obverse of an I argument?

Back 45

Some S are not non-P

Front 46

Is the obverse of an I argument valid?

Back 46

Yes

Front 47

What is the contrapositive of an A argument?

Back 47

All non-P are non-S

Front 48

Is the contrapositive of an A argument valid?

Back 48

Yes

Front 49

What is the contrapositive of an E argument?

Back 49

No non-P are non-S

Front 50

Is the contrapositive of an E argument valid?

Back 50

No

Front 51

What is the contrapositive of an I argument?

Back 51

Some non-P are non-S

Front 52

is the contrapositive of an I argument valid?

Back 52

No

Front 53

What is the contrapositive of an O argument?

Back 53

Some non-P are not non-S

Front 54

Is the contrapositive of an O argument valid?

Back 54

Yes

Front 55

Which statement can be contraposed by limitations?

Back 55

E statements

Front 56

How do you contrapose an E statement?

Back 56

Convert, contrapose

Front 57

What is the minor term?

Back 57

Subject term of the conclusion

Front 58

What is the major term?

Back 58

Predicate term of the conclusion

Front 59

Which term is distributed in an A statement?

Back 59

Subject

Front 60

Which term is distributed in an E statement?

Back 60

Subject and Predicate

Front 61

Which term is distributed in an I statement?

Back 61

None

Front 62

Which term is distributed in an O statement?

Back 62

Predicate

Front 63

What are the five fallacies in categorial logic?

Back 63

Undistributed middle

Illicit process

Exclusive premises

Affirmative conclusion from negative premises

Negative conclusion from affirmative premises

Front 64

Illicit Major/Minor fallacy

Back 64

Term distributed in conclusion must be distributed in premises

Front 65

Exclusive premise fallacy

Back 65

Cannot have two negative presmises

Front 66

Affirmative conclusion/negative premise fallacy

Back 66

If you have a negative premise, you must have a negative conclusion

Front 67

Negative conclusion/affirmative premise fallacy

Back 67

A negative conclusion must have a negative premise

Front 68

MP

Back 68

Modus ponens

p => q

p

/ q

Front 69

MT

Back 69

Modus tollens

p => q

~p

/ ~q

Front 70

HS

Back 70

Hypothetical syllogism

p => q

q => r

/ p => r

Front 71

DS

Back 71

Disjunctive syllogism

p v q

~p

/ q

Front 72

Logically Necessary or Tautology

Back 72

Everything is true

Front 73

Logically impossible or self-contradiction

Back 73

Everything is false

Front 74

Logically noncontingent

Back 74

Must be either necessary or impossible

Front 75

Logically contingent

Back 75

Neither necessary nor impossible

Front 76

Logically equivalent

Back 76

Two WFFs with same truth values

Front 77

Logically consistent

Back 77

Two WFFs that are both true at some point

Front 78

Logically inconsistent

Back 78

Two WFFs with no truths matching

Front 79

Logically contradictory

Back 79

Two WFFs with opposite truth values

Front 80

Logically invalid

Back 80

Premises all true, conclusion false

Front 81

CD

Back 81

Constructive Dilemma

(p => q) . (r => s)

p v r

/ q v s

Front 82

DM

Back 82

De Morgan

~ (p . q) :: (~p v ~q)

~ (p v q) :: (~p . ~q)

Front 83

Com

Back 83

Commutation

(p v q) :: (q v p)

(p . q) :: (q . p)

Front 84

Assoc

Back 84

Association

[ p v (q v r) ] :: [ (p v q) v r]

[ p . (q . r) ] :: [ (p . q) . r]

Front 85

Dist

Back 85

Distribution

[ p . (q v r) ] :: [ (p . q) v (p . r) ]

[ p v (q . r) ] :: [ (p v q) . (p v r) ]

Front 86

DN

Back 86

Double Negative

p :: ~~p

Front 87

Trans

Back 87

Transposition

( p => q ) :: (~q => ~ p)

Front 88

Impl

Back 88

Material implication

( p => q) :: (~p v q)

Front 89

Equiv

Back 89

Material Equivalence

(p <=> q) :: (p => q) . (q => p)

(p <=> q) :: (p . q) v (~p . ~q)

Front 90

Exp

Back 90

Exportation

( p . q) => r :: p => (q => r)

Front 91

Taut

Back 91

Tautology

p :: (p v p)

p :: (p . p)

Front 92

CQ

Back 92

Change of Quantifier

(x)Sx :: ~(Ex) ~Sx

~(x)Sx :: (Ex) ~Sx

(Ex) Sx :: ~(x) ~Sx

~(Ex) Sx:: (x) ~Sx

Front 93

Id

Back 93

Identity relation

a = a

a = b :: b = a

Sa

a = b

/ Sb