Liver, Gallbladder And Pancreas Ii

Front 1

What is the lumen of the canalicular network sealed off from intercellular space by?

Back 1

tight junctions; they are part of junctional complexes and prevent the exit of bile into spaces between hepatocytes

Front 2

Where do bile canaliculi ultimately drain into?

Back 2

bile ducts

Front 3

What do bile ducts form and how?

Back 3

They join up to form the right and left hepatic ducts which exit the liver at the porta hepatis

Front 4

What represent the functional units of the liver parenchyma?

Back 4

liver acini; two hepatic lobules

Front 5

Describe the structural representation of the liver acini.

Back 5

They are basically two triangles that share the same base.

Front 6

Describe the center of the acinus.

Back 6

Its where the two triangles meet. The terminal branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein pass through here.

Front 7

How many zones are in the acini? Describe them and what can occur from zone to zone.

Back 7

There are three zones. Cells in zone 1 are closest to the terminations of the hepatic artery and the portal vein; this means they are the first to receive both oxygen and nutrients as well as toxins. Zone 3 cells are more likely to undergo hypoxia and hepatocyte injury.

Front 8

What is the shape of the hepatocytes and how many sides do they have?

Back 8

polyhedron; six sides

Front 9

How are the six sides of the hepatocyte arranged?

Back 9

Two sides are oriented toward the space of Disse and another faces the sinusoid (they are arranged in "anastomosing plates" separated by sinusoids); the other four sides are connected to other hepatocytes to form the extensive system of the bile canaliculi.

Front 10

Describe the nucleus situation of hepatocytes.

Back 10

Often binucleate; polyploid nuclei (4N or 8N)

Front 11

What is commonly found in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and what types of organelles are found in hepatocytes?

Back 11

Cytoplasm contains glycogen and fat droplets. Ribosomes and granular e.r. are present representing their capacity for protein synthesis.
-Smooth e.r. present (may be most dominant)
- golgi bodies and mitochondria
- *large quantities of peroxisomes (reflects the several kinds of oxidative reactions)

Front 12

What are the two cell types located in the sinusoid? Where in the sinusoid?

Back 12

Kupffer cells in the luminal side of the endothelium and hepatic stellate cells are in the space of Disse

Front 13

Describe Kupffer cells.

Back 13

Macrophages favoring the periportal region of the sinusoid. Have numerous microvilli and filopodia. Activated Kupffer cells contain phagocytosed particulates and lysosomes

Front 14

Describe hepatic stellate cells

Back 14

fusiform (tapering at each end) and contain one or more lipid droplets

Front 15

What represents the exocrine function of the liver?

Back 15

bile production

Front 16

What are some substances bile contains and how does it function?

Back 16

-salts, acids, cholesterol, bilirubin (from rbc degradation)
-released into small intestine, bile emulsifies fats and facilitates their absorption

Front 17

The liver performs what kind of function because it is oriented to take up blood from the digestive tract, absorbing substances.

Back 17

Endocrine

Front 18

Name some of the endocrine-related functions of hepatocytes.

Back 18

-storage and release of glucose (they take up glucose and store it as glycogen)
-detoxification (smooth e.r is the dominant organelle in response to metabolism of drugs and toxins; alcohol and Phenobarbital; also synthesizes cholesterol and lipid component of lipoproteins)
-synthesis and release of lipoproteins
-synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin and proteins of "complement" system

Front 19

What are some of the hormones produced by hepatocytes?

Back 19

insulin-like growth factor, angiotensinogen, and thrombopoietin

Front 20

What protein rich substance does the liver produce?

Back 20

lymph

Front 21

Where does this fluid originate and where is it taken up?

Back 21

originates from spaces of Disse and taken up by lymphatic collecting vells that lie within the ct of the portal canals.

Front 22

What happens when the liver is damages (i.e. trama, toxins, removal by surgery)?

Back 22

Amazing regenerative capabilities; mitosis

Front 23

What condition can the liver not recover from?

Back 23

cirrhosis - irreversible damage due to excessive exposure to drugs, ethanol or chemicals that initiate fibrosis of liver tissue