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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which organ is the largest visceral organ and largest gland in the human body?
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The Liver
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Where is the liver located?
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almost all of the right hypochondrium and epigastrium
-extends into the left hypochondrium, inferior to the diaphragm |
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What is the liver covered with?
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dense fibrous capsule
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What are the functions of the liver?
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-production and secretion of bile
-production of bile pigments -detoxification -storage of carbohydrate as glycogen -production of storage of lipids as triglycerides -plasma protein synthesis -production of blood coagulants -production of anticoagulants -reservoir for blood and platelets -storage of certain vitamins (B12), Fe, and Cu -in the fetus: production of RBCs |
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What are the anatomical lobes of the liver?
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Caudate lobe
Left lobe Quadrate lobe Right lobe -These superficial lobes are not true lobes |
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The real lobes of the liver are based on what?
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Hepatic drainage and bloody supply
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How many real lobes are there?
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two real lobes (right and left)
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The right lobe is divided into what two segments?
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Anterior and posterior segments, each of which is subdivided into superior and inferior areas or segments
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The left lobe is divided into what two segments?
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Medial and Lateral segments, each of which is divided into superior and inferior segments
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The Medial superior segment of the left lobe is known as
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Caudate Lobe
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The medial inferior segment of the left lobe is known as
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Quadrate lobe
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Which lobe may also be considered to be the third liver?
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Caudate lobe
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Which ducts join to form the common hepatic duct?
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The Right and left hepatic ducts
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How is the common bile duct formed?
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The unification of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
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Between meals bile accumulates in what structure?
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Gallbladder
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The liver has what type of surfaces?
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Diaphragmatic surface (Convex)
Visceral surface (Concave) |
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What is the subphrenic recesses of the liver?
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Superior extension of the peritoneal cavity "Greater sac"
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Where does the subphrenic recesses exist between?
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Diaphragm and the anterior and superior aspects of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver
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The subphrenic recesses are separated into what two other recesses?
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The right and left recesses by the falciform ligament
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Where does the falciform ligament extend?
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Between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall
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Where is the subhepatic space located?
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immediately inferior to the liver
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What is the Hepatorenal recess (Morison pouch)?
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the posteriorsuperior extension of the subhepatic space
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Where does the Hepatorenal recess lie?
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Between the right part of the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney and suprarenal gland
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What is the significance of the Hepatorenal recess?
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Because the fluid draining from the omental bursa flows into this recess and it communicates anteriorly with the right subphrenic recess
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What is Peritonitis?
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Inflammation of preritoneal cavity that result in the formation of localized abscesses in various parts of the peritoneal cavity
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Which recess is a common site for pus to collect?
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Subphrenic recess
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Why are subphrenic recesses more common on the right side?
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DUe to frequency of ruptured appendices and perforated duodenal ulcers
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The subphrenic recesses are continuous with what recess?
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The hepatorenal recess
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The diaphragmatic surface of the liver is covered with what type of peritoneum?
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Visceral
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What is the bare area of the liver?
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It is separated distinctly by the reflection of peritoneum from the diaphragm to it as the anterior (upper) and posterior (lower) layers of the coronary ligament
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The Visceral surface of the liver is covered with peritoneum except for what two structures?
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Fossa for the gallbladder
Porta hepatis |
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How many fissures are present in the Liver?
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1) Fissure for the round ligament (Ligamentum teres hepatic)
2) Fissure for the ligamentum venosum 3) Fossa for the gallbladder 4) Fissure for the IVC 5) Porta Hepatis |
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Where is the fissure for the round ligament located?
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Between the lateral portion of the left lobe and the quadrate lobe
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Where is the fissure of the ligamentum venosum located?
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between the caudate lobe and the lateral portion of the left lobe
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Where is the Fossa for the gallbladder located?
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between the quadrate lobe and major part of the right lobe
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Where is the Fissure for the IVC located?
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between the caudate lobe and the major part of the right lobe
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Where does the porta hepatis lie?
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between the quadrate and the caudate lobes
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Which ligaments enclose the bare area of the liver?
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The right and left triangular ligaments
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The reflection of the peritoneum forms what ligament?
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Coronary ligament
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The anterior layer of the coronary layer is the
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Falciform ligament
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The fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein is which ligament?
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Round ligament
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What two ligaments form the Lesser Omentum?
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Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal
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What does the portal triad consist of?
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bile duct
hepatic artery portal vein |
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Where does the Gastric and pyloric areas of the visceral surface of the liver lie ?
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The right side of the anterior aspect of the stomach
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Where does the duodenal area lie?
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Superior aspect of the stomach
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Where does the colic areas of the liver lie?
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Right colic flexure and right transverse colon
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Where does the renal and suprarenal areas lie?
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right kidney and suprarenal gland
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What is the function of the portal vein ?
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brings 75-80% of the blood tot he liver
-it contains more O2 than venous blood returning to the heart -caries virtually all of the nutrients absorbed by the alimentary tract (except lipids) to the sinusoids of the liver |
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How is the portal vein formed?
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By the superior mesenteric and splenic veins as it ascends anterior to the inferior vena cava as part of the portal triad in the hepatoduodenal ligament
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The Hepatic Artery is a branch of which trunk?
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Celiac Trunk
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Lacerations to the liver may lead to what?
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hemorrhage and right upper quadrant pain
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What is Liver Cirrhosis?
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Condition in which the liver cells are progressively destroyed and replaced by fatty and fibrous tissue that surrounds the intrahepatic blood vessels and biliary radicles, impeding the circulation of blood through the liver.
-caused by chronic alcohol abuse, hepatitis B, C, D, ingestion of poisons -causes portal hypertension |
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What does The Portal-Systemic anastomoses provide?
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Colllateral circulation in cases of obstruction in the liver or portal vein
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What structures is the portal-systemic anastomoses made up of?
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Submucosal esophageal veins/azygos vein
-inferior and middle rectal veins -paraumbiliical veins/small epigastric veins "Caput medusae" -Retroperitoneal viscera |
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The biliary ducts convey bile from what structure?
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Liver to the duodenum
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Where is Bile produced?
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continuously by the liver and stored in the gall bladder which releases bile when intermittently fat enters the duodenum
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What is the function of bile?
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Emulsifies the fast so that it can be absorbed in the intestine
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The hepatocytes secrete bile into what structure?
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Bile Canaliculi
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The canaliculi drains into which duct?
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Small interlobular biliary duct and then into the large collecting bile ducts of the intrahepatic portal triad, which merges to form the right and left hepatic ducts
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In the descending part of the duodenum the bile duct comes into contact with which duct?
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Main Pancreatic Duct
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What is the Hepatopancreatic ampulla?
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Dilation within the major duodenal papilla (Papilla of Vater)
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Where is the sphincter of the bile duct formed?
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Circular muscle around the distal end of the bile duct
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Which artery supplies the proximal part of the duct?
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Cystic artery
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Which artery supplies the middle part of the duct?
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Right hepatic artery
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Which arteries supplies the retroduodenal part of the duct?
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Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Gastroduodenal artery |
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Which lymph nodes supplies the bile duct?
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-Cystic lymph nodes near the neck of the gallbladder
-Node of the omental foramen -Hepatic lymph nodes |
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Where is the gallbladder located?
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junction of the right ninth costal cartilage and lateral border of the rectus abdominis
-inferior surface of the liver between the right and quadrate lobes -contacts with duodenum and transverse colon |
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What are the main parts of the Gallbladder?
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Fundus
Body Infundibulum Neck |
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Where is the fundus of the gallbladder located?
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tip of the right ninth costal cartilage in the midclavicular linea nd contacts the transverse colon
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Where does the body of the gallbladder rest?
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on the upper part of the duodenum and the transverse colon
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The Infundibulum neck gives rise to which duct?
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The cystic duct with spiral valves (Heister's valves).
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Which hormone causes the contraction of the gallbladder?
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Cholecystokinin which is produced by the duodenal mucosa
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Where does the gallbladder receive its blood from?
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Cystic artery which arises from the right hepatic artery
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Which part of the gallbladder commonly collects gallstones?
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The infundibulum
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What are the three main types of gallstones?
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Cholesterol stones (crystalline cholesterol monohydrate)
Pigment stones (bilirubin calcium salts) Brown stones (parasites or bacteria) |
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What is Gallstone Ileus?
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Bowel obstruction
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Where does the pancreas lie?
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largely in the floor of the lesser sac in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions
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Is the Pancreas a retroperitoneal organ?
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It is except for a small portion of its tail which lies in the splenorenal ligament
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The pancreas is divided into which four parts?
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Head
Neck Body Tail |
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What are the functions of the pancreas?
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-Exocrine secretion that enters the duodenum through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts
-Endocrine secretions from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that enter the blood |
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What is Pancreatic Cancer?
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Cancer involving the pancreatic head in which often compresses and obstructs the bile duct and/or the hepatopancreatic ampulla
-causes obstruction, resulting in the retention of bile pigments, enlargement of the gallbladder, and jaundice (obstructive jaundice) |
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What is Jaundice?
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Yellow staining of most body tissues, skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva by circulating bile pigments
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