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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language acquisitions |
natural, unconscious process of language development in humans that just occurs without instruction |
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Language learning |
gaining conscious knowledge of language through instruction |
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semanticity |
specific signals can be matched with specific meanings, ie words have meanings |
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Arbitrariness |
no logical connection between the form of the signal and the thing it refers to (eg dog vs perro vs Hund- no connection) |
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Discreteness |
messages in system are made up of smaller, repeatable parts rather than indivisible parts |
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Displacement |
language use can talk about many things that are not present. Messages can refer to things in another time (past and future tense) and place (here and elsewhere) |
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Productivity |
language users can create and understand never-before-heard utterances |
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Duality of patterning |
large number of meaningful utterances can be combined in a systematic way from small number of discrete parts of language (eg suffixes can be attached to many roots, words can be combined to create new sentences) |
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Grammar |
linguistic rule system used to produce and understand sentences, ability to combine discrete units into larger units |
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Phonetics |
inventory of sounds in a language |
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Phonology |
rules of how sounds are combined Ex- Hawaiian: all words end with vowel. English: words can end in vowel or consonant= different phonology |
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Morphology |
rules of word formation Ex- English speakers often form past participle by adding suffix -ed. German speakers often form past participle by adding prefix ge- and suffix -t= different morphology |
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Syntax |
rules of sentence formation Ex- English: colors precede nouns they modify. French: colors follow nouns they modify= different syntax |
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Semantics |
rules that govern how meaning is expressed by words and sentences Ex- Njamal language speakers use “maili” to describe any family member with two generations difference (grandfather, granddaughter, etc.)= different semantics from English |
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Modification |
change, modification of grammatical systems based on social factors |
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Universal Grammar (UG) |
set of linguistic rules common to all languages (Chomsky) Eg: all languages combine subjects and predicates |
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Linguistic parameters |
binary (off/on) settings of UG principles that can account for differences in languages Ex- In native English speakers, SVO word order is switched “off” |
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Generative grammar |
system of grammatical rules that allow speakers to create possible sentences in a language We don’t memorize all possible sentences in a language in order to speak it We acquire a system of rules that allows us to produce/understand possible sentences |
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Signifier |
spoken, written, signed word |
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Signified |
the concept, idea, meaning of the signifier |
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Sign |
abstract link that connects sound and idea |
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Langue |
vocabulary, rules, etc in our head |
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Parole |
the physical utterance itself |
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linguistic competence |
Linguistic competence: unconscious knowledge of language Similar to langue Chomsky thought this was more important, because often we make mistakes in performance, but people just mess up sometimes |
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linguistic performance |
Linguistic performance: what we actually produce Similar to parole |
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Poverty of stimulus argument |
position that children do not receive enough data to acquire language simply from what they hear Well-supported by evidence |
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Overgeneralization |
Children’s “mistake” when acquiring language application of a grammatical rule more broadly than it is generally applied Ex- Say “mouses” and “foots” because they apply plural rule too broadly |
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interlanguage grammar |
grammar is influenced by first and second language and has features of each |
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Creole |
native language with full grammatical complexity that develops over time from a pidgin |
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Pidgin |
language that is a blend of languages that develops from speakers of two different language speakers living in close proximity and needing to communicate |
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bilingualism |
acquiring 2 languages simultaneously |
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codeswitching |
switching between 2 languages in a conversation |
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Phonetics |
study of sounds in language |
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phonemes |
distinct sounds in language |
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Consonant |
sound characterized by closure of vocal tract |
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Vowel |
sound can be carried on indefinitely |
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Minimal pair |
two words that differ only in one sound in the same position |
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phonemic transcription |
written sounds using distinct phonemes, resulting in 1-to-1 correspondence between sound and symbol |
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voicing |
Vibrating vocal chords |
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place of articulation |
places in oral cavity where airflow is modified to make sounds |
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manner of articulation |
manner of articulation- way we move our lips, tongue, and teeth to make sounds, as well as airflow |
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articulators |
shaped to make the sound |
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Stops |
stop air in oral cavity “Pink” “bath” “tote” “dress” “kite” “grape” |
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Fricatives |
nearly complete stoppage of airstream “Fuh” “zuh” “vuh” |
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Affricates |
stop airstream completely then release slightly to create friction “Chuh” “juh” |
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Nasals |
let airstream pass through nasal cavity "Muh” “nuh” |
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Glides |
slight closure of articulators Yuh” “wuh” “whuh” “huh” |
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Liquids |
slight obstruction “Luh” “ruh” |
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diphthong |
two-part vowel sound consisting of a vowel and a glide in one syllable Eye, wide, skyLoud, cowToy, foil |
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syllabic consonants |
identified as consonants but fill a vowel slot when no vowel is present runner |
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tone |
variation in pitch that makes a difference in the meaning of words |
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Stress |
relative emphasis on syllables in a word |
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Nasalation |
sound produced by lowering velum so that most airflow passes through nose rather than mouth |
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Aspiration |
puff of air that accompanies initial voiceless consonants Pat, puff |
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phonology |
study of sound systems |
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phonological rule |
description of when a predictable variation of a particular sound occurs |
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insertion |
adding a sound- can be consonant or vowel |
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deletion |
deleting sound |
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fronting |
sound produced in back of mouth moved to front of mouth Children often do this |
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Suprasegmentals definition and examples |
phonological phenomena larger than a single sound Ex- syllable, stress, intonation |
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onset |
Beginning consonant of a syllable |
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rime |
vowel with surrounding consonants in syllable |
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nucleus |
vowel in syllable- only necessary part of a syllable |
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coda |
consonant following nucleus in syllable |
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Exchange error (spoonerism) |
slip of the tongue involving exchange of one part of syllable for another in two different words lighting fire - fighting liar |
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intonation |
variation in pitch across an utterance |
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morphology |
study of systems or rules of the structures of words |
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lexicon |
mental dictionary, store information about words and rules of use |
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Lexical rules |
how words are formed and put together in our head |
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morpheme |
smallest unit of meaning in a word |
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content words |
words with lexical, dictionary meaning |
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functional words |
defined in terms of their use is, the, a |
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root |
morpheme to which an affix can attach |
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participle |
adding -ing
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suppletion examples |
good- better- best be- am- was bad- worse- worst |
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derivational vs inflectional affix |
derivational- changes meaning in mental dictionary, often changes part of speech inflectional- changes grammatical usage |
