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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pragmatics
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How speaker intention and hearer interpretation affect meaning OR the study of utterance meaning OR how the meanings of the things we say are shaped by context.
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Sentence types
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1. Interrogatives (questions)
2. Imperatives (commands) 3. Declaratives (statements) |
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Speech act
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Utterance intended to convey communicative force.
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Direct speech act
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Utterance whose meaning is the sum of its parts, the literal meaning. Eg: "Has it started to rain?"
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Indirect speech act
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Utterance whose meaning depends on context rather than on literal meaning. Eg: "Have you cleaned your room yet?"; depending on the context, this may actually be a threat.
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Speech act theory
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Theory dealing with the construction of meaning in conversation by direct and indirect speech acts; concerned with the communicative intentions of speakers and how they achieve their communicative goals.
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Austin's 3 basic kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed by an utterance
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1. Locutionary - an utterance with a particular sense and reference (closest to meaning in the traditional sense, the sum of its parts).
2. Illocutionary - the act (defined by social convention) that isperformed by making the utterance: a statement, offer, promise, bet etc. 3. Perlocutionary -the (not necessarily intentional) effects on the audience brought about by the utterance, intended or unintended. |
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Grice's maxims of conversation
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Late 20th C rules of conversation that describe the shared rules speakers use in interactions; they include:
Maxim of quantity Maxim of quality Maxm of relevance Maxim of manner |
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Grice's cooperative principle
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Assumption that in conversation speakers will make a sincere effort to collaboratively exchange information.
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Speaker meaning (Grice)
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Meaning beyond the words alone, which the speaker assumes the hearer can interpret based on communicative context.
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Maxim clash (Grice)
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If one maxim is to be maintained, another must be violated.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Language determines our perceptions of the world. Does not appear to be supported by evidence.
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Linguistic relativity
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Theory that language and culture influence or perhaps even determine each other. Eg: the idea that if we use gender-neutral language, it will mitigate against sexism in the culture.
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Mentalese (Steven Pinker)
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The 'language of thought'. Pinker: "Knowing a language, then, is knowing how to translate mentalese into strings of words and vice versa."
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