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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continuity |
Language constantly developed over time, and is still developing |
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Discontinuity |
BAM language came out of the blue |
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Primary function of language |
To communicate |
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The devine source theory |
Language comes from a higher power - babylons tower |
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Bow-wow |
(Natural sound theory) object flew by, cookoo |
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Pooh-pooh |
Natural sounds of emotion. Human language orinatef while human beings were enjoying themselves. Ouch Ah |
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Yo-he-ho |
Collective rhytm labour. Seven dwarfs from snow white |
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Ding-dong |
Sound symbolism |
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Ta-ta |
Link between physical gesture and orally produced sounds |
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Displacement |
When and where? Bees |
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Arbitrariness |
No natural connection between a word and it's meaning |
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Productivity |
Using your linguistics to form new words - open ending |
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Cultural transmission |
Acquire our language from culture Not in our DNA, from one generation to the next |
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Discreteness |
Sounds in a languagr that are meaningfully distinct p---b |
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Duality |
Human language in two levels 1. Individual sounds i,b,n 2. Putting sounds together (words) bin |
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Semanticity |
Language carries meaning Tree - picture of a tree in your mind |
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Structure dependence |
Grammar Dog bites man vs Man bites dog |
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Etymology |
Study of the history of words |
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Coinage/neologism |
Create a new word |
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Eponyms |
New words from people and places |
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Borrowing |
Taking words from other languages |
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Calque/loan translation |
Direct translation of the elements of a word / phrase into your language |
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Compounding |
Putting words together Door+knob= doorknob |
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Blending |
Mixing usually the beginning of one word with the ending of another Brunch, Brexit |
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Clipping |
Taking a polysyllable word and reduce it to a one syllable word |
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Backformation |
Babysit from babysitter |
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Conversion |
Convert words to other word classes Water - could you water the plant? |
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Acronym |
Using letters from multiple words and pronounce it as a word NASA |
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Initialism |
Pronouncing every letter DNA |
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Derivation |
Using affixes to change one word to another Joyful |
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Morphology |
The study of form |
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Allomorphs |
Group of morphemes eg. Plurals |
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Lexical morphemes |
Free Child, teach Open |
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Functional |
Free And, the Closed |
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Derivational morphemes |
Changes meaning Pre+suffix |
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Inflectional |
Changes grammatical function Suffixes only |
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Semantics |
The meaning of words and phrases in the abstact |
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Hyponomy |
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Synonyms |
Mean more or less the same Conceal/hide , mom/mommy |
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Antonyms |
Opposites Shallow/deep |
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Deixis |
Change referents depending on context This, that, I, you, they, here, there |
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Homonyms |
Look the same but different meaning Seal/seal |
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Homophones |
Sound the same Two - too - to |
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Polysemy |
Spelled the same and sounds the sam but different meanings Same word different meanings Covered (completely, partially) |
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Metaphor |
The fat cats of Wall Street (rich people) |
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Metonomy |
Based on the connection of everyday experience. The king can be reffered to as the crown without us being puzzled to why a crown is talking. Based on the connection of everyday experience. The king can be reffered to as the crown without us being puzzled to why a crown is talking. Dring a bottle of water (drink the liquid inside) Dring a bottle of water (drink the liquid inside) |
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Collocations |
Words that go together Pretty women / handome men |
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Pragmantics |
- meaning in context - between the lines - what the speaker means - what the listener thinks the speaker means |
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Theory of mind |
?? |
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Reference |
The guy with the motorcycle |
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Inference |
Information that listener adds to create a connection between what's said and what must be meant "She's wearing Calvin Klein" |
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Anaphora |
"Referring back" I saw a puppy, it was cute |
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Presupposition |
Assumtions made by the speaker on what the listener already knows "My car i a wreck" (I have a car) |
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Interrogative speech act |
Question |
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Imperative speech act |
Command, request |
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Declarative såeech act |
Statement |
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Discourse |
Language beyond the sentence |
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Cohesion |
Ties and connections that exist within texts |
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Coherence |
Den röda tråden Coheison over the whole text, it needs to make sense |
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Speech events |
Conversation,interview etc |
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The Quantity Maxim |
Don't say more or less than required |
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The Quality maxim |
Don't lie or give false information |
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The Relation maxim |
Be relevant |
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The Manner maxim |
Be clear, brief and orderly |
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Hedges |
Words and expressions that we use if we are unsure. Sort of... kind of... I'm not sure but... |
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Neurolinguistics |
The study of the relationship between language and the brain |
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Broca's area |
1. |
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Wernicke's area |
2. |
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Arcurate fasciculus |
3. |
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Motor cortex |
4. |
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Tip of the tounge phenomenom |
We often know the first sound an how many syllables. |
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Malapropisms |
Near mistakes of a word Fire distinguisher for extinguisher |
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Slips of the tounge |
"Use the door to open the key" Spoonerism "You have hissed all my mystery lectures" |
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Aphasia |
Different types of language disorders Stroke - most common reason |
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Broca's aphasia |
Lack of grammar, use lexical words Comprehension better than productivity |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
Anomia - difficulty to find the right word Good production, bad comprehension (doesn't make sense) |
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Conduction aphasia |
Much less common You can't repeat what you've heard |
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Dichotic listening test |
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Input (first language acquisition) |
Language samples from the cildren's surroundings |
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Caregiver speech |
Baby talk, simplify sentences, repetition, paraphrasing and present tense. Tummy, nana, choo choo |
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Cooing |
Earliest use of speech sounds Vowels [i] [u] |
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Babbling |
6-8 months Ba-ba-ba, ga-ga 10-11 months Using their vocalisation to express emotions |
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The one-word stage |
12-18 months Milk, cookie, cat |
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The two-word stage |
18-20 months Mommy eat, cat bad |
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Telegraphic speech |
2-2.5 years This shoe all wet, cat drank milk |
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Overgeneralisation |
Use new knowledge on everything |
