Life Span Developmental Psychology

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accommodation

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The process of constructing a new schema or modifying an old one in order to incorporate new information

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assimilation

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The process if incorporating new knowledge into an existing schema

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behaviorists

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Theorist who believe that human actions are the result of patterns of reinforcement from the environment, rather than any innate abilities

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case study

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a detailed means of data collection used to study an individual

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chronosystem

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a pattern of events that unfold over an individual's chronological age, including historical and social context

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classical conditioning

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process of preparing a reflex behavior with a previous neutral stimulus eventually becoming a behavior

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cognitive development

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the development of thinnking process such as moral reasoning, language development, memory skills, and the ability to learn to read, write,or do math

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cohort differences

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differneces that arise from the unique socialcultural factors to which people of different generations or exposed.

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confounding varable

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a factor that might affect the study in unanticipated ways or that was not controlled for in the design of an experiment.perhaps there was flu epidemic at the school.

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conscious

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The level of the personality that holds readily available information

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continuity theorist

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Theorist who believe that development is the result of gradual and cumulative changes over the entire life span

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controlled experiment

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is conducted in a laboratory setting so that a much greater degree of control over extraneous varibles can take place

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correlational research

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another name for descriptive research.variables are related, but you can not say whether one caused the other.

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cross-sectional design

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research methods in which a group is studied at one point in time

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data analysis

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performance of statistical procedures to make sense of the findings of a study

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defense mechanisms

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actions and behaviors that a persson's ego relies on to defend the individual from painful situations

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dependent varible

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an outcome measure of interest in an experiment. such as the score on the math test after having special instruction

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descriptive research

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research in which the varibles are related, but it cannot be determines whether one varible caused the other

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desriptive statistics

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statistics that show a correlation between values but not a direct cause and efect relationship;examples include means,medians,modes and frequencies

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development

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changes that occur over time and across the entire life-span;includes all aspects of human living, from physical growth and maturation, to cognitive changes, to personality and social and emotional transitions.

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discontinuity theorists

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theorist who believe that development occurs in discrete, identifible stages

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ecological theory

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a theory that focues on the social environment of an individual

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ego

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Freudian component of the personalitiy that balance the demands of the the id and the restrictions of the superego to meet the realities of a stiuation

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ethology

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the ideal that behavior is largely influenced by biologicval factors, particularly behaviors that have developed over time

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exosystem

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Level of social environment composed of the world that is not quite as close to an individual as his or microsystem or mesosystem this level consist of such things as extended family, mass media, social welfare agencies and goverment policies

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field experiment

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an experiemnt that takes place in a natural setting but involves some manipulation or control over varibles

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heirachy of needs

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theory proposed by abraham Maslow that states physical needs, like hunger and thirst, and emotional needs, like feeling safe and secure, must be met before an indivisual is ready for academic or cognitive taks

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humanistics theories

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theories that stress that people can take control over their own behavior and seek to achieve some higher level of existance

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hypothesis

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a research question based on some theoretical perspective

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id

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Freudian component of the personality that centered on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain

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independent varible

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a variable that is manipulated by an experimentor
such as the type of math instruction. In descriptive research, inependent variab;es might not be manipulated, but will be controlled in some way. For example, a study comparing the math skills of 10 year old boys and girls will use gender as as the independent variable. A reseacher can not manipulate gender but can control it.

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hypothesis

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a research question based on some theoretical perspective

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inferential statistic

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Statistics that can be used to determine whether there is direct cause and effect relationship between values;examples include chi aquares,t-test, anaysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis

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informed consent

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practice used in research to ensure study participants are fully aware of what that are consenting to

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longitudinal design

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research method in which a group is studied at multiple differnt times

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macrosystem

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level of social environment that consist of of the dominant ideology, or the attitudes and beliefs of a culture as reflected in its educational, legal, religious and governing body practices

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mesosystem

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level of social environment that considers how structures in a individual 's microsystem interact with each other

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microsystem

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structures that impinge on a individual every day, such as family,school, peers and close neighbors

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moral reasoning

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the way that people use cognitive processes to solve ethical dilemmas

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naturalistic obsevation

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the process of observing people in their natural settings and recording information about how these people behave

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operant condtioning

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Theory proposed by BF Skinner that states that behaviors resulting in pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated, where ass behaviors that result in unpleasent outcomes or no reinforcement are likey not to be repeated

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physical growth

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the development of human organs in the prenatal period,the growth in size and changes in functioning that occur in childhood and adolescence, and the declines and alterations in functioning that occur with more advanced aging

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preconscious

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the level of personality that acts as the intermediary between the unconsious and consious minds

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psychodynamic theory

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theory that focus on the ideal that people have an "unconsious" mind that contains emotionally charged memories of early life experiences

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psychosocial theory

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theory developed by Erik Erikson that focuses on non-sexual crisses that occur through out the entire life span and describes personality development in terms of eight stages

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sample

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a group of people that is smaller than the entire population of interest but is represented of that population in terms of a variety of inportant varibles

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schema

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the framework into which an individual organizes information

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scientific method

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the process of formulatting a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, drawing conclusions, and making the findings avaiable to others

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self-actualized

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term describing a person who is spontaneous, creative, good at solving problems, and self directed, and who has good social relationship but also likes his or her privacy

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self efficacy

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the study of how people come to believe that they are competent or likely to succeed at different kinds of tasks

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sequential design

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reseach nmethod that involves a combination of cross-sectional and longitudial designs

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social/emotional development

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emcompasses temperament (our style of responding to new sitiuations) personality(the deeply ingrained habits we are born with or acquire) and socialization into a particular cultural group

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superego

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the consious, or freudian component of the personality that tells a person what he should or shouldn't do

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unconsious

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the level of personality that contains repressed information

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zone of proximal developmenr

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range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to achieve alone but that can be achieved with the direct assisstance of an adult or older peer

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Abaraham Maslow

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Theorist who developed the hierachy of human needs

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Albert Bandura

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Reseacher who offered a theory that bridged the behavioral appraoch and the cognitive perspective by proposing that people could learn by obserbation and imitation

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BF Skinner

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Theorist who propsed operant conditioning and whose principles have been widely used in child discipline techniques abd for developing programs for modifying undesirable behaviors.

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Carl Rogers

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Theorist who developed a humanistic person-centered form of psychotherapy that encourages the therapist to listen closely to the client, "reflect" back what the client says and allow the client to ddraw conclusions ranther than advised by the therapist

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Daniel Levinson

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Psychodynamic theorist who expanded on Ericksons ideas through his studies of the development of men from midlife to old age

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Edward Thorndike

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Researcher who extended behaviorist learning principles to a more precise science by attempting to quantify the relationships amont stimuli and responses

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Erik Erickson

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Psychologist who modified Freuds stage theory to develop the psychosocial theory of development

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George Vaillant

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psychodynamic theorist who expanded on Ericksons stages for midlife and older adulthood and proposed additional develpmental tasks for these two age coherts

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Ivan Pavlov

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Russian psychologist who, while studying the digestive system of dogs discovered the conceept of classical conditioning

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Jean Piaget

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Swiss epistemologist and biologist who proposed a highly influentail, organismic theory of child cognitive development.

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John Watson

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Theorist who exploredthe application of clasical conditioning in humans through his "Little Albert" experiment

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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Theorist who took Piagets theory that applied to the development of of moral reasoning and expanded it into a more comprehensive, stage-based theory

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Lev Vygotsky

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Russsian psychologist whi proposed that language directs behavior and that young children first control their behavior by talking out loud to themselves also propsed the zone of proximal development

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Robbie Case

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Theorist who propsed that children have limits on the amount of information they can deal with, but practice makes this skill more profienct which free up the mind for new information

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Sigmund Freud

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Founder of psychodynamic theory who had profound influence on psychology in general and child development in particular

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Urie Bronfenbrenner

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Reseacher who proposed a theory that focuses on the socail enviromnet of the individual, which includes the individual's microsystem,mesosystem,exosystem, and macrosystem

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alphafetoprotein (AFT) analysis

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Analysis of maternal blood for the ptesense of a protein called AFP; most AFP should be contained within the fetus' body, so the presense of this protein in the mother's blood is a possible indicator that something is wrong with the fetus

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afterbirth

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The final stage of the birth process, which involves the detachment of the placenta from the wall of the uterus and the delvery of the placenta and umbilical cord

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alleles

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Set of genes that code for differnt variations of the same trait

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aminiocentesis

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Medical procedure by which a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn throught a needle and sent to the lab to be tested for chromosomal genetic defects or abnormal chemical levels

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amnion

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The fluid filled bag that conatains the embroyo

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Apgar scale

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Scale that measures a newborn's heart rate, breathing rate, muscle tone, oxygenation of tissues, and relex irritability as determants of health

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autosomes

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The first 22 pairs of human chromosones, which contain the genes that code for all types of body functions and structures

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behavior genetics

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The field of study that examines genetic contributions to human behavior

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cerebral palsy

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Condition of physical and mental impairment resultinf from brain damage to the baby at time of delivery

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cesarean section

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Surgiacl removeal of a fetus

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chorionic villus biospy

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Procedure in which a small piece of tissue from the inner lining of the placenta is removed and tested for genetic or chromosonal abnormalities

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chromosones

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Structures that consist of tightly packed bundles of genes and are founf in nuclei of human cells in 23 pairs

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conception

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The process by which an egg is fertilized

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delivery

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The sencond stage of the birth process, in which the fetus passes out of the mothers body

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DNA

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Deozyribonucleic acid, or the double-hekx starnds of chemicals that resemble a spiral staircase and are arranged into genes

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dominant

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Term for an allele that will be expresssed even if only one copy of the allele is present in chromosome pair

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embryo

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Term for zygote that has embedded itself in the wall of the uterus at ten days to 2 weeks after conception

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embryonic stage

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The second stage of prenatal development, in which all organ systems are formed; this stage last from 2 weeks till 8 weeks after conception

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evolutionary psychology

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Field of psycholigy that studies the ways that humnans adapt and survive

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fertilization

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another name for conception

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fetal stage

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The third stage of prenatal development, which extends from 8 weeks until birth and is characterized by growth and refinement of the fetal organs

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genes

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Structures that are made up of DNA and contain blurprint for life

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genome

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The entire package of genetic material

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genotype

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The set of genes with which an individual is born

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germinal stage

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The first stage of prenatal development, which last from conception until the second week, at which point the zygote implants in the zygote

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gonads

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the sex organs

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labor

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the first stage of the birth process, which is characterized by uterine contractions hat cause the cervix to stretch open

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low birth weight

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term used to describe infants who are born weigh less tha 5 1/2 pounds

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meiosis

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a special method of cell division emploted by the sex cells in which resulting cells contain only half the gentic material

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miscarriage

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spontaneous abortion that occurs in 15-20 peercent of all pregnancies

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mitosis

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method of cell division employed by all body cells except sex cells; hat process results in 2 identical cells that contain a full complement of chromosomes

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monomorphic

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term describing genes that are identical from one person to another

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natural childbirth

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delivery method that involves the use of various measures meant to decrease the need for pain medication that may adversely affect the fetus

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natural selection

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the idea that some characteristics improve survival, so animals are more likely to reproduce and perpetuate the characteristics

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phenotype

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the physical expression of a persons genes, which determines the persons health,appearance and behavior

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placenta

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structure that extracts nutrients and other substances from the mothers blood system and transfers then to the o via the umbilical cord

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polygenic traits

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traits that are the result of more than one gene and usually some environmental influence

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polymorphic

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term describing genes that code for varible traits

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premature

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term used to describe any baby born prior to 38 weeks after conception

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preterm

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another term for premature

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reaction range

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The amount by which gene expression is affected by the environment

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recessive

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term for allele that will be expressed only if 2 copies of it are precent in a chromosome pair

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sex chromosones

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the last pair pf human chromosomes, which contain the gentic amterial for genter differentiation

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ultra sound sonography

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the transmisssion of high freq sound waves into a mothers abdomen, causing an echo that produces a shadowy picture of her fetus

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umbilical cord

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nutrient transport system that connects the embryo to the placenta

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x-linked inheritance

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the mosyt complicated form of gentic inheritance, which involves genes found on the x chromosome, because women hav 2 x chromosomes, they are usually only cariers of recessive x-liked traits, wheras men express these traits due to the presence of only 1 X chromosome

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zygote

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a fertilized egg

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Frederick Laboyer

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Fren OB who promoted the birthing method in which babies are born in warm, sofetlt lit room; place on mothers abdomen immediately after birth; and given time to adjust to life outside the womb before the umbilical cord is cut

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Gregor Mendel

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Monk who described three basic forms of gentic inheritanc ebased on his tudy of pea plants

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anxious avoidant attachment

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type of insecere attachment in which the baby avoids or ignores the mother/care-giver

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anxious-resistant attachment

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type of insecure attachmment wherby the infant seems ambivalent about the mother/caregiver

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attachement

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a close emotional bond between infant and caregiver1

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Babinski reflex

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reflex that cause an infant toes to fan out when his or her foot is stroked

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cephalcaudal develpment

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process of head to toe development, through which babies gain control over their heads, then shoulders, trunks, and eventually legs and feet

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child maltreatment

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harmful behavior toward a child that falls anuwhere on the continuum from aabuse/neglect to physical injury to emotional neglect and is anywhere from severe to mild in intensity

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coordination of schemes

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process by which an infant learns to coordinate several activities to achieve some goal;this process is characteristic of Piahet's fourth substage of sesorimotor development

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deferred imitation

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ability acquired between the ages of nine and eighteen months that allows an infant to imitate an event that occured at an earlier time

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difficult child

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a child who has overall negative moods, irreglar patterns, and a low tolerance to frustration;he or she does not addapt easily to change

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dishabituation

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the response to a new stimuli

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easy child

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a child who has overall positive moods, has regular patterns has high frustration tolerance is outgoing and adapts easily to change

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echoing

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stategy in which an adult encourages a child language develoment by reppeating what the child says

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expanding

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strategy in which an adult encourages a childs language development by restating what the child says in amore complex fashion

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grasping reflex

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reflex that causes an infant to hold on tightly to any object placed in the palm of the hand or base of the foot

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habituation

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a type of learning wherby repeated or contininous exposure to a stimulus reduces the amount of attention paid to that stimulus

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holophrase

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the early phase of verbal language in which infants use single words to convey the meanings of whole sentences

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information processing psychologist

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psychologist who emphasize the continuous nature of cognitive development in stages and who focuses on specific aspects of development rather than trying to find a global theory

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insecure attachment

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attachment between bother and the baby that exhibits coldness, irritability or failure at cue interpretation on part of the infant

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intermodal perception

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the abily to integrate information from two or more sensory modalities

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internalization of schemes

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process by which a child learns to use symbals, this process is characteristic of Piagets final substage of sensorimoter development

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labeling

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stategy in which an adult encourages a child language development by identifying the names of objects

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language

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a system of symbols that allows us to communicate our thoughts feelings and desires to others

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Moro reflex

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a startle rflex that allows infants to open thier limbs and then close down as grabbing onto something

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morphology

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A atudy of the way in which meaninful strings of words are combines or altered

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motherese

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a high pitched highly repitive form of speech composed of simple words or sentences and used by adults when talkin to babies

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object permanence

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the idea that events and objects continue to exist even when they are not immediately seen eard or felt

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phonemes

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the smallest meaninful nits of sound

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phonology

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the study of how people aquire the aprticular sound that make up a particulare language

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pragmatics

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the study of the use of socially appropriate skills, such as as taking tuens when taliig and sticking to a topic

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primary circular reactions

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activities that center on aninfant own body and create some kind of pleasurable sensation; these activities are charactiristic of paigets second stage of sensimotor develpnment

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proximodistal development

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process of midline to extremeties development; through which babies gain control over their head, shoulders nad trunk before their arms and legs, and arms and legs before their hands and feet

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recasting

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stradigie in which an adult encourages a child lanhuage develpment by rephrasing a childs staement often by turning into a question

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reciprocal socilaization

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the idea that children socialize their parents as much as a prents affect their children

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reflexes

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a set of pre-programmed behaiors that allow people to survive until they develop voluntary control

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reinenforcement

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rearding ythe performance of a desired behavior with a pleasurable item or event

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rooting reflex

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refex that causes an infant to turn its head if his cheek is stroked

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rule system

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the different aspects of language development; phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

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scaffolding

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the idea that caregivers provide a framework in which child learning can occur

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secondary circular reactions

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activities that extend outside an infants own body and create some pleasurable sensation, these actvities are characteristic of piagets third substage of sensorimotor develpment

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secure attachment

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type of attachment whereby the infant uses the mothet/caregiver as a base from which to explore the neew environment; the infant gets upset when the the mother leaves but is happy when she returns

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semantics

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the tudy of meanings of words and phrases

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slow-to-warm up child

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a child on initially reacts negatively to change but gradually adapts and is easygoing most of the time

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sucking reflex

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reflex that cuses an infant to suck on any object placed in its mouth; disappears at about 2 months of age

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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

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seriious condition in which an infant stops breathing, usually during sleep, and often dies as result

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syntax

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the study of grammatical structure

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telegraphic speech

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two and three word cobinations that convey a precise message and do not contain articles, auxiliary verbs or other unnecessary words

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temperament

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a person usual way of responding to the environment; includes behaviors such as activity level, socialabilty, frustratio tolerance, and regularatiy of sleep and wake cycles

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two word combination phrase

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stage in language development in whichthe infant speaks in two word combinations coupling the words with gestures tone of voice and immediate context

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Type A attachment

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another name for anxious-avoiddant attachment

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Type B attachment

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Another name for secure attachment

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Type c attachment

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Another name for anxioous-resistant attachment

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Jean Piaget

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Theroist who propsed that infants learn by using their senses and their motor skills, and that knowledge is organized into mental schemes that first consist of reflex behaviors like sucking and later evolve to volunatry actions

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Mary Ainsworth

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Reseacher who studied the concept of attachment by observing how infants responded to differnt situations, such as being alone with their mothers, having a stranger enter the room, the mother leaving, and mother returning

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Noam Chomsky

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Theorist who propsed that humans are born with a language acquistion device that allows them learn whatever language they are expose to

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multidimensional

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physical, cognitive,emotional, personality

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age-graded

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every culture has designated roles or activities based on age

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history graded

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each generation (age cohert) is influenced by historical events

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non-normative

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there are many events that are not universal or even widespread (example world trade center or winning lottery

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The belief that inanimate objects have life

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animism

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type of play tha occurs when there is social interaction but very little organization,such as when children share the same box crayons but up wind up talking to each other than actually colloring

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associative play

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Parents who demand that their children obey, place firm limits on their children, and do not allow for discussion of rules

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authoritarian parents

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parents who set negogible limits and are warm, caring, and encouraging of discussion

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authoritative parents

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stage of moral reasoning development in which children reconize that rules can be broken or changed and that a persons intentions are important

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autonomous morality

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focusing on one characterisic of a problem, to the exclusion of others

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centration

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theory that propses that children learn gender in the same way that they learn other major concepts

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cognitive development theory

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the knowledge that certain attributes or situations do not change in spite of superficial rearrangements

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conservation

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type of play that involves sensormotor activities that result in a product or a solution to a problem

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constructive play

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type of play that involves social interaction in a group with some organized goals or rules

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cooperative play

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the ability to understand the perspective of another person if it differs from yours

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egocentrism

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activities that have rules and generally involve compitetion

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games

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the social roles, behaviors, and activities assigned to people because of their sex

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gender

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theory that propses that children at an early age form a gender scheme, or a collection of related concepts that organizes their perceptions

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gender scheme theory

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stage of moral reasoning development in which children consider rules as a fixed and final focus ont eh consquences of their actions rather than their intentions

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heteronmous morality

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Freudian idea that boys in early childhood have a stron sexual attraction to their mothers, who are their original love objects

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identification theory

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childhood transition whereby a child must learn to plan and carry out activities independently in order to achieve a positive sense of self worth, otherwise the child risks being guily and ashamed of themselves

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initiative vs shame and guilt

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the second substage of the preoperational period, evident from ages 4-7 and characterized by centration, lack of converrsation, and transductive reasoning

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intuitive thought

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the process in which nerve fibers are covewred with an insulating layer of fat cells that speeds the transmission of information along the nerve
it continues throughout childhood is not complete until adlescence

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myelinization

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parents who pay little attention to their children and often know little about child rearing

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neglectful parents

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type of play that occurs when the child is actively engaged in watching others play

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onlooker play

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collections of internalized symbols and ideas that allow a child to perform a task mentally

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operations

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type of play that occurs when a child is playing alone but with the same toys or in the same way as other children in the room

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parralell play

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indulgent parents who are warm and caring but not put any restrictions on their children

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permissive parents

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Piagets second stage of debelopment, extending from about 2 -7 in which the child has noy yet internalized operational activities and thus must learn from hands on trail and error activities

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preoperational thought

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type of play that uses imagination, such as when a child ties a towel around his or her shoulders and becomes a superhero

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pretend play

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type of play that allow cxhildren to learn about the properties of objects susch as pouring water from one container to another or aquishing mud between ones toes.

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sensorimotor play

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the biological differneces between girls and boys and women and men, including genetals, internal organs of reproduction, hormone ratios, and body stength and shape

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sex

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theory that proposes children learn gender roles by observing and imitation others

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social learning theory

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type of play that occurs when the child play alone and seems uninterested in the actibities of others

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solitary play

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the first sunstage of the properational period, which is exhibited from 2-4 and characterized by launguage acquistion cognintive maturation and internalization of certain symbals

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symbolic function

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another name for pretend play

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symbolic play

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term that describes a process of reasoning in which a person moves from one particular fact to another

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transductive

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type of play that occurs when the child is standing in one place performing random acts that do not seem to have any goal

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unoccupied play

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Researcher who in the 1970's described several differnt kinds of parenting styles - authoritarium, authoritative, negletful, and permissive and their effects on children

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Diana Baumrind

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reseacher who int he 1930's described 6 types of play activities unoccupied play, solitary paly, onlooker play, parrallel play, associative play and cooperative play

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Mildred Parten

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An unselfish interest in helping others

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altruism

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A serious aggression disorder associated with criminal behavior and substance abuse

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antisocial personality disorder

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A condition that generally manifests in preschool and early school years and is defined by inattention, distractibility, inpulsiveness, and hyperactivity

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attention deficet hyperactivy disorder (ADIID)

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Proposes that children should learn hoew to read by sounding out very simple phonetic words and then progressing to more difficult word

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basic skills approach

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Educational program designed to teach children at least partly in their own language until they master English

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biligual education

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The first component of Sternbergs concept of intelligence, consisting of analysis skills, crital thinking skills, vocabulary and other verbal tasks

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componential intelligence

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Piagets third stage of cognitive development in which a child can perform operations to solve problems as long as they are in the here and now or physically present

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contextual intelligence

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Stage in middle childhood in which children obey the rules generated by authority figures such as parents and government

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conventional reasoning stage

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the process of sorting through possibilities to arrive at the singular best answer

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convergent thinking

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the process by which parents begin to transfer some control over decision making to thier children

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co-regualtion

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An unselfish interest in helping others

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altruism

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A serious aggression disorder associated with criminal behavior and substance abuse

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antisocial personality disorder

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A condition that generally manifests in preschool and early school years and is defined by inattention, distractibility, inpulsiveness, and hyperactivity

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attention deficet hyperactivy disorder (ADIID)

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Proposes that children should learn hoew to read by sounding out very simple phonetic words and then progressing to more difficult word

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basic skills approach

Front 229

Educational program designed to teach children at least partly in their own language until they master English

Back 229

biligual education

Front 230

The first component of Sternbergs concept of intelligence, consisting of analysis skills, crital thinking skills, vocabulary and other verbal tasks

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componential intelligence

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Piagets third stage of cognitive development in which a child can perform operations to solve problems as long as they are in the here and now or physically present

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contextual intelligence

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Stage in middle childhood in which children obey the rules generated by authority figures such as parents and government

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conventional reasoning stage

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the process of sorting through possibilities to arrive at the singular best answer

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convergent thinking

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the process by which parents begin to transfer some control over decision making to thier children

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co-regualtion

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a process that produces multiple alternative solutions to one problem

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divergent thinking

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the second component of Sterbergs concept ofintelligence, consisting of ability with experience in the world to seek out appropriate information for problem solving and to compare contrast or combine inforamation in unique ways to create new solutions

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experimental skills

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term describing an individual with IQ of 120 or higher

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gifted

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Pairing a visual image with an item to be remembered

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imagery

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achieving a sence of accomplishment from ones own activities

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industry

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crucial stage of middle childhood in which children are subject to great influence from their peers and teachers

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industry vs inferiority

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an abstract concenpt refferring to our ability to adapt to the environment solve problems, and use verbal skills efficiently

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intelligence

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the third stage of moral reasoning in which child obeys in order to be considered a good person and strives to please parents or teachers

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interpersonal norms stage

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disorders that can adversly affect a wide variety of students learning abilities, particulary in the area of reading and spelling (ed dyslexia)

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learning disabilities (LD)

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Ones level of mental development relative to others

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mental age

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a condition in which a persom has a low IQ difficultly with tasks of daily living such as self care, transpotation and communication

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mental retardation

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knowing about ones cognitive function

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metacognition

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knowing about ones memory

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meta-memory

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condition in which a person has an IQ of about 55 to 70, these individuals can often learn basic reading, writing, and mah skills and live independentaliy as adults

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mild menetal retardation

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condition in which a person has an IQ of about 40-54 these individuals need more help with activities of daily living and may need to live in group homes and supervised employment situations

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moderate mental retardation

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Using a categorizing scheme to improves ones memory abilities

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organization

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the ablitlty to understand the viewpoint and motives of another person

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perspective taking

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another name for the basic skills approach to learning to read

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phonetic approach

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repitition of amterial to keeep it active in short term memory

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rehearsal

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the ideal that an operation, once done, can be undone or reversed

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reveribilty

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schemas for events

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scripts

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an image of oneself consisting of abilities, limitations, appearances, likes and dislikes

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self-concept

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a value judgement placed on aspects of one self concept

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self-esteem

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condition in which a person has an iq of less than 40 has significant difficulty with communication and other daily livng activities and needs 24 hour supervision

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sever and profiund mental retardation

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the fourth stage of moral reasoning, in which children have learned that rules and laws have a purpose and that must abide by these rules to be good citizens

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social system morality stage

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another term for gifted individual

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talented

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Puposes that children should learn how to read by using meaningful, everyfday sentences rather than phonetic

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whole language approach

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eating disorder characterized by self imposed starvation

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anorexia

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eating disorder characterized by binge nad purge eatting patterns

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bulimia

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the personal investment made in one identy option over others

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commitment

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the period during which aperson actively considers identy options

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crisis

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Piagets final stage of devvelopment, characterized by the devolpment of abstract reasoning abilities

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formal operations

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the ability to form a guess (hypothesis) about the best solution to and problem and then systematically test its accuracy

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hypotheical-deductive reasoning

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a profound sense of self

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identiy

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state in which adolescents have had a crisis and made a choice in relation to their identy

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identiy achieved

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stae in which adolescents have not had a crisis or made a commitment in relation to their identy

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identy difussion

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state in which adolescents have committed to an identy option they have not thought much about

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identy foreclosure

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the belief of many adolescents that everyone is watching them

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imaginary audience

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criminal acts such as robbery, rape, and assault

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index offenses

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socially unacceptable behaviors that violate rules or laws and are committed while underage

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juvinile delinquency

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state in which an adolescent is in the crisis period but has not yet mande a committment to identy

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moratorium

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the feeling many adolescents have that nothing can harm them

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personal fable

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a period of rapid skeltal growth and sexual maturation

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puberty

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acts such as running away, underage drinking and truancy

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status offenses