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257 Cards in this Set
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What is the function of chromosomes
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To carry hereditary traits children inherit from their parents
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How many chromosomes are they
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There are 46 total chromosomes
23 from the mother's ovum 23 from the father's sperm |
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What is a genotype
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An individual's complete genetic makup, including traits in recessive genes
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What is a phenotype
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An individual's expressed characteristics (green eyes, red hair)
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What are carriers
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Traits that are in our genotype but unexpressed as a phenotype
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What is a dominant-recessive trait
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One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait.
The recessive gene is in the genotype but not part of the phenotype |
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What are polygenic traits
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Produced by interaction of many traits
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What 2 things must happen to have a trait become a Phenotype
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2 levels of interraction must occur
1 Gene-Gene Interaction 2 Gene-Environment interaction |
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In a dominant-recesive pattern, what controls the trait
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One gene pair is dominant and controls the trait
Recessive gene is in genotype, not part of phenotype |
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An example of dominant-recessive pattern is
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Brown eyed father
Blue eyed mother (brown eye gene) Hypothetically, 1 in 4 chance child will have blue eyes 3 in 4 chance children will have brown |
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Incomplete dominance
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The phenotype is not completely controlled by the gene.
The gene does not completely control the trait |
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Where are X-linked genes located
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On the X chromosomes
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Where would a disease that is X linked be obtained from
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The mother
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Monozygotic twins occur when
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One zygote splits and forms two identical clusters. Also known as identical twins with identical genes
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Dizygotic twins occur when
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Two ova are fertilized by two separate sperm around the same period
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How often do Monozygotic births occur
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About 1 in every 270 pregnancies
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How often do Dizygotic births occur
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About 1 in every 60 births
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Chromosomal abnormalities are
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When a baby is born with an abnormal number of chromosomes 45, 47 or more. Occurs in 1 out of 200 births
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Charactistics of Down syndrome
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Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Has characteristics such as thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes, short limbs, also slow to develop |
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Down syndrome
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Is also known as trisomy 21. It is the most common chromosomal abnormality
Involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair Characteristics: thick tongue, round face, slanted eyes, short limbs, slow to develop |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Involves abnormal ingestion of protein.
Occurs in 1 out 500 birhts, 1 in 100 European Americans mainly of Norwegian decent It is caused by a recessive gene Can be prevented through diet Can be prenatally detected |
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Kleinfelter syndrome
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Sufferers have an XXY chromosomal pattern
The individual has a seemingly male appearance, secondary sex characteristics are not present |
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Fragile X syndrome
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Involves part of the X chromosome attached thinly, ready to break off.
Caused by mutated gene that contains A DNA sequence CGG that is repeated 200 times, nl is 30 |
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What are the domains of development
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The biosocial domain includes brain, body changes and influences that guide them
Cognitive, includes thought process, perceptual abilities, language mastery Psychosocial, includes personality, emotions, interpersonal ie., family, friends |
B C P
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Brofenbrenner
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Focus on external factors, proposed that ecological approach was best.
Devised ecological model that surround the individual |
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Ecological model parts
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Macrosystem-Cultural values, customs, social conditions,
Exosystem-Mass media, community, schools Microsystem-Family, peers, classroom Mesosystem LINK between each |
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Cohort
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Group of people born within a few years of each other.
Have same options, priorities and constraints |
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Hereditary-Environment Debate
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Also called maturation-learning debate
Focusses on answering how much of any pattern or trait is determined by genetic factors and by environmental influences |
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Nature
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Includes range of abilities, limitations and traits ie., eye color, blood type, inherited disease.
Also intellectual, personality traits as skills with numbers, socialbility, depression |
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Nurture
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Environmental influences that happen after conception, ie., mother's health during pregnancy, all experiences ie., culture, community, family, school
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Scientific method
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1 Formulate research question
2 Develop hypothesis 3 Test hypothesis 4 Drawn conclusions 5 Make findings known |
F D T D M
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Naturalistic observation
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When subjects are watched in their natural environment, ie., home, school
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laboratory observation
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Act of watching and recording what people do in certain situations
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Independent variables
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Controlled by the scientist, values to be used are determined prior to experiment
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Variables
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Major part of experiments, have at least 2 values and can refer to qualities, conditions, behaviors, traits or events
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Experimental and Control group
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The group exposed to the treatment or condition = Experimental
Control = Not exposed |
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The scientist controls what type of variable
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Independent
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An experimental research considers what causes
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Psychological experiences
Behavioral changes Physiological processes |
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To discover the reasons people change and the reason they stay the same, developmental research is conducted utilizing what two research designs
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Cross-sectional research
Longitudinal research |
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Cross sectional research is
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A research that works with groups of subjects of different ages but who are similar
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Longitudinal research is
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When the same group is observed for a certain length of time
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Sequential research is
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The use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods together - Also called Cross-sequential, sequential, time-sequential
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Two of the most prominent aspects of ethics in research are
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Informed consent-Scientist must explain
Privacy-Information from subject must be kept confidential |
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Deception is
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Used to decrease subject bias, meaning the subject is not told they are being studied or not given the real reason for the study
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Ethology is defined
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As the study of the natural unfolding of animal behavior
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Who was Bowlby
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A human ethology researcher, who considered attachment behavior - Loss of proximity to the object of attachment produces anxiety (ex: mother-infant attachment)
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What is psychoanalytic theory
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Considers human development in terms of intrinsic drives and motives
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Who were Vaillant and Levinson
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Psychoanalytic theorists who believed human intrinsic drives and motives to be the basis for universal stages of development
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Vaillant studied
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Pessimistic explanatory styles of depressed people and came to the conclusion that these people blame unpleasant events to something of themselves
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Freud was
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Founder of psychoanalysis
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According to Freud, the mind is separated by 3 levels which are
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Conscious - Mental experiences that can be recalled
Preconscious - Memories and perceptions can be recalled at will Unconscious - Bottom layer of feelings and memories cannot be recalled at will |
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The 3 structures of personality as defined by Freud are
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The Id - Symbol of unconscious, contains inherent biological drives
The Ego - Focusses on reality principle, guides individuals to express sexual, aggressive impulses The Superego - Contains the conscious, gives individuals extreme feelings of guilt |
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Psychosexual stages defined by Freud
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0-1 ORAL - weaning single most important behavior
1-3 ANAL - toilet training 3-6 PHALLIC - pleasure from genitalia 7-11 LATENCY - friendship and social skills 12-Adult GENITAL - focus of pleasurable feelings |
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Erickson viewed unconscious and early childhood as important, his focus was
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Psychosocial development
Proposed 8 developmental stages |
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The 8 Stages of Erickson
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0-1 Trust-Mistrust
2-3 Autonomy-Shame + doubt 4-5 Initiative-Guilt 6-11 Industry-Inferiority 12-18 Identity-Role confusion Young Adult Intimacy-Isolation Middle Adult Generativity-Stagnation Late Adult Integrity-Despair |
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Watson studied
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Behaviorism - Declared that to make psychology a true sciience, the things that could be seen and measured should be studied
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Pavlov was known for
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Classical conditioning
His experiment involved a dog, a bell and food Concluded that if bell sounded before hungry dog given food, dog would salivate at sound of bell Food=Unconditional stimulus Salivation=Unconditioned response Bell=Conditioned stimulus Complete Process was termed classical conditioning (aka respondent conditioning) |
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Skinner
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Most influential supporter of learning theory,
Father of operant conditioning |
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Types of Reinforcement
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Positive-Presence of an event that increases behavior
Negative-Strenghtens a behavior by the negation of an unpleasant event |
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Punishment
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An event that decreased the likelihood of a response happening again
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Positive reinforcement example
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Train a dog to retrieve newspapers and giving it with a reward once object is returned
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Negative reinforcement
example |
Carrying an umbrella when you know it is going to rain
(therefore avoiding getting wet) |
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Thorndike
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Law of effect, animals repeat responses but not punisshed responses
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Bandura
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Most influential researcher for the alternative theory to operant conditioning-social learning theory.
Individuals can demonstrate learned responses from observing others |
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Maslow
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5 tiered hierarchy of needs
Physio Safety Belonging & love needs Esteem Self actualization First 4 are deficiency needs |
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Case & Bruner (Infants & young children)
Piaget (Cognitive dvlp theory) |
Infant-Sensorimotor (senses, motor)
2-Preoperational-Think symbolically School age-Concrete operational-Think logically Adolescent & Adult-Formal operational-Think on many planes, hypothetically, abstractly, speculative Postformal-5th stage-allows adults to solve real world problems |
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Vygotsky
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More value than Piaget on influence of social experience on cog dvlp
Language single most important means of learning Proposed ZPD (Zone of proximal development) range of skills that can be used without assistance versus what can be obtained with help |
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Brofenbrenner
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Ecological approach best solution to studying human development.
Remember Macrosystem-Cultural values Exosystem-Media Microsystem-Family Mesosystem-Link between each Microsystem |
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reflexive behavior
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Coughing, blinking, seeking a nipple when cheeks are touched
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Neurons
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Nerve cells of the CNS present at birth
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Axons
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Nerve fibers that transmit impulses from neurons to dendrites
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Dendrites
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Nerve fibers that interconnect neurons and receive impulses transmitted from one neuron to another via their axons
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Physiological states
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Refers to levels of physiological arousal
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Quiet sleep
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When breathing is slow and regular
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Active sleep
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When facial muscles move and breathing is somewhat irregular with some rapid breathing
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Alert wakefulness
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When breathing is regular and the infant's eyes are bright
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Gross motor and fine motor skills
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Gross =large body movements
Fine = Small body movements |
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Reflexes
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Involuntary responses to particular stimuli
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Three sets of reflexes necessary for life
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Breathing
Sucking Rooting |
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Other reflexes important to development not for survival
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Moro-Flings arms out and back
Babinkski-Big toe will turn inward when feet stroked Plantar-Toe flex (6 weeks of age) Stepping-Like walking (3-6 wks) |
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Example of (+) correlation
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Increase educational level produces increase income
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Stimulus to the sensory system causes
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Sensation response ie, hearing
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Perception
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Mental processing of sensory information ie, brain trying to make sense of sensation
Perception=Putting it all together |
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Eyesight
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Least developed sense at birth
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Binocular vision
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Both eyes focus on same thing
About 14 wks |
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Newborn weight doubles within first few months of dvlp
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Requires feeding 3-4 hrs around clock
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Breast milk contains
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More iron and Vit A and C than cow's milk
Contains antibodies against some diseases Hormones to regulate certain functions |
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Marasamus
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Infant does not get necessary nourishment needed to sustain life
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Kwashiokor
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Lack of protein, characterized by bloating in face, legs and abdomen
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Sensorimotor stage
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Cognitive development which begins in infancy
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Babbling
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Universal among infants regardless of culture
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Motherese
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High pitched baby talk with a simplified vocabulary, shorter sentences and low to high fluctuations
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Schema
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Piaged used the term to explain a mental model that an infant forms to help make sense of the characteristics of people
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Assimilation
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Fitting information into a infant's current schema
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Accomodation
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Revising infant's schema to fit new information
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Object permanence
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The awareness that objects exist even though they may be no longer in view
Ex: Baby will understand that when mom goes out into another room that she will eventually come back |
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Intermodal perception
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Using more than 1 sense
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Cross-modal perception
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The ability to use information from one sensory modality to imagine something in another
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Language mastering
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Usually occurs at 4 to 5 years.
Babbling=phonemes 1st year 1 word 20 months = 20 words |
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Perceptual constancy
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Awareness that size and shape are always constant despite changes in appearance due to location-occurs usually at 6 months
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Reversal
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By 8th month, will demonstrate goal oriented behavior by looking at an object taken out of view
Reversal, allows the babies to reverse the situation |
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Underextend
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Babies use words to refer to a narrow category of objects
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Overextend
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When babies use a word to describe everything with similar characteristics, ie dog may be used for everything with four legs
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Self awareness
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Occurs in late infancy, around 15 to 24 months
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Personality
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Unique patterns of thoughts and behaviors
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Learning theory
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Personality is learned, means that it is molded through reinforcement by parents
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Temparement
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Inherent part of a person which regulate how activity, reactivity, emotionality and sociability are expressed
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Attachment
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Seeking closeness to feel secure, ususally the mother who creates security and provides the needs for the baby to explore his/her environment
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Strange situation study
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Investigated attachments babies make at about 1 yr old
Securely attached-friendly to strangers Insecurely attached avoidant-Baby did not notice when mom in room, not upset when mom leaves Insecurely attached resistant-baby remains close to mom Insecurely attached disoriented-baby unsure how to behave with mom |
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Most common problem during preschool years in developed countries
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Iron deficiency
This is due to lack of meats, whole granins and dark leafy green vegetables. Anemia 3x more prevalent in poor |
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Number one cause of childhood death
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Accidents
23% of accidental deaths Poisoning Choking Drowning |
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Brain development
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90% of brain life size by age 6
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Egocentrism
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Viewing the world from someone's own perspective.
Preschoolers most affected Usually overcomed by preoperational stage Ex: child in group talking loud Standing in front of someone not aware that their view is blocked Talking about family excluding self |
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Three principles oberved by preschoolers
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Stable order-Numbers are said in a certain order
One-to-one-Each number is assigned only 1 number Cardinal-The last number is the total |
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Semiotic function
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According to Piaget, a child develops the ability to use words, gestures and signs
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Preoperational and symbolic thought according to Piaget
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Symbolic thought involves the ability to use words, images, and symbols to correspond to his or her surroundings
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Vygotsky's theory
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Students with support structure guide them have better cognitive development
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Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD) |
The difference between what a child can do on his or her own versus what can be obtained with help
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Language development-Grammar
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Grammar is the structure, techniques and rules used for communication.
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Headstart
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Early childhood program which was started in 1965. Program for low SES. Results were improved achievement scores, junior high students less likely to repeat yr or go to SPED
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Self concept
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Is apparent throughout childhood
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Initiative and Autonomy according to Erikson
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Going from autonomy vs shame to initiative vs guilt, a child either develops initiative to do things on own, or feels guilty when fails, or is criticized
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Gender identity and gender role according to Freud
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Freud believed phallic stage occurs (3 & 7 yrs)
Oedipal complex-Boys for their mothers Electra-Girls for their fathers |
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Baumrind
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3 parenting styles
Authoritarian-Strict, sets guidelines Permissive-No demands, guidelines extremely flexible Authoritative-Parents who run in the middle-Listen to children's requests, make compromises |
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Sibling relationships
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Longest and most intense due to both sex and age
Same sex, close age usually love-hate relationship |
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Only child
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More verbal, creative, may lack social skills. However will develop social skills when involved with group
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Peers and play
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Important aspect in developing social skills
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Unoccupied behavior
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Observe but do not participate
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Solitary play
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Play alone, no effort to interract with others
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Onlooker play
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Observe, don't participate but might make comments
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Parallel play
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Play independently same toys are others nearby
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Associated play
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Play in disorganized manner
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Cooperative play
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Play with others in organized fashion
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Functional play
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Simple repetitive motions with or without toys
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Constructive play
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Use objects to create things
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Dramatic play
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Use imaginary situations to play a game
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Play and lower SES children
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Used more parallel and functional play than middle class
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Stability
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Major determining factor in child's ability to cope with divorce or separation
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Impact of daycare
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Social development
More self reliance More cooperative with peers More comfortable in new situations |
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Avoidant responses
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Fears that are connected to certain objects or stimuli lead to avoidant responses
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Fears
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Are unpredictable regardless of childhood
Are acquired through identification or observation |
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Motor skills - Reaction time
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Time needed for a person to respond to stimulus
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Autism
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Named infantile autism
Two primary symptoms: 1. Extreme isolation 1st, 2nd yr of life 2. Obsessive insistence on preservation of samness |
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Dyslexia
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Difficulty in mastering basic academic skills
No deficit in intelligence or deficit in sensory functions. Disability in reading |
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Dyscalcula
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Unusual difficulty in math
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Mainstreaming
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Putting children with special needs in with other normal children. No segragation
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Inclusion
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Children participate in a normal classroom with specialized instruction from their teacher (trained in special ed)
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Meds for ADHD
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Ritalin - Shorter acting
Conserta Aterol |
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Convergent and Divergent thinkers
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Convergent-responding in expected ways
Divergent-thinking in unusual ways that could be misconstrued |
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Selective attention
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Ability to concentrate on relevant information and igone distractions
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Memory storage strategies
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Allow information to be stored for future use
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Rehearsal
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Repeating information to be remembered
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Reorganization
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Regrouping of information to make it more memorable
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Concrete operational thought
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According to Piaget, this is the most important achievement in middle school
Stage marked by: 1. Recognition of logical stability of the real world 2. Objects can change, original characteristics stay the same 3. Changes can be reversed |
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Sternberg 3 types of intelligence
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Academic-measured through IQ
Creative-shown by imagination Practical-shown in every day actions |
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Howard Gardner 7 types of intelligence
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1. Linguistic-language
2. Logical mathematical-analyze and solve 3. Musical-compose, play music 4. Spatial-perceive and arrange subjects in situation 5. Social understanding-functions in social settings 6. Self understanding-be self aware and independent |
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Bigget influence on child's self esteem
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Peers
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Aggression & aggressive behavior
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Whenever an individual is blocked from reaching a goal.
There is a biological basis for aggression social learning theorists feel that aggression is learned by observation or imitation |
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Hormonal changes are initiated by
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The hypothalamus
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Gonad releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Produced at onset of puberty to increase activity in gonads
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Growth hormone
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Most important cause of the adolescent growth spurt.
Produced by pituitary |
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Growth in height for females and males during puberty
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Females 3.5 inches
Males 4 inches |
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Gateway drugs
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Lead to other drug use or abuse
Those include: Tobacco Alcohol Marijuana |
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Sexual abuse
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A time when someone engages in a sexual act without the other person's consent
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Childhood sexual abuse
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Any erotic act that arouses an adult but excites, confuses, or shames a child
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According to Elkind adolescent egocentrism
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Leads young people to focus on themselves and no one else
Invicibly fable-teens imagine life as immortal Personal fable-life is unique, heroic, mythical Imaginary audience-creates a fantasy..believe people are constantly thinking and evaluating their life |
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Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral reasoning
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Respondents were asked to answer the question. "why shouldn't you steal from a store
Level 1 Preconventional Level 2 Conventional Level 3 Postconventional |
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Kohlberg's 3 levels
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Level 1 Preconventional-interest lies in getting rewarded not punished
Stage 1 Unquestionable obedience Stage 2 Taking care of one's needs first Level 2 Conventional-interest lies in special rules Stage 3 Good girls and nice boys Stage 4 Law and order Level 3 Postconventional-interest in moral principles Stage 5 Social contact Stage 6 Universal ethical principles |
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Gilligan's belief
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Females give more thought to social contexts of moral choices and they focus on relationships.
Females have a morality of compassion and care and not a morality of justice and judgment |
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Marcia's four identity statuses
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1. Achievement-a person is unique and has self definition
2. Foreclosure-acceptance of parental values 3. Identity diffusion-confusion and uncertainty 4. Moratorium-pause in identity to allow teens to explore alternatives |
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Most influence on adolescents
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Family and friends
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Peer relationships 3 groups
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1. Individual friendships
2. Crowd-similar interests 3. Clique-group stays together due to attraction and interpersonal relationship |
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Suicide ideation
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Extensive thoughts about committing suicide.
Very common in adolescent students |
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Schneidman belief
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All suicides are preceded by behavioral, situational and verbal signs:
Drastic drop in school performance Talk of suicide Withdrawal from family Running away Attempting suicide |
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Senescence
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Between ages of 15 and 30
State of physical decline, body less strong and efficient |
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Infertility
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Inability to conceive a child after one year or more of intercourse without contraception
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Factors that contribue to less sperm production
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Drug abuse
Alcohol abuse High fever Cigarette smoking Exposure to toxins or radiation Stress |
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Drug use, abuse, addiction
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Use = ingesting any drug
Abuse = used in a manner that is physically, cognitively, and /or psychosocially harmful Addiction = dependence on drugs |
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Anorexia nervosa
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Person limits his/her food intake to the point of possible starvation
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Bulimia nervosa
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Severe eating disorder: compulsive binges on food and foce to vomit or use of laxatives
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Cognitive changes occuring in adulthood
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Postformal approach-builds on operational thinking
Psychometric approach-analyzes factors of intelligence and examines improvement or decline Information processing approach-storage and retrieval of information |
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Most predominant patterns in adult thinking
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Postformal thought
Aduld reasoning that focuses on problem solving and real life concepts Dialectical thought Most advanced form of cognition First stage = thesis (statement of belief) Second stage = antithesis (statement that opposes the thesis) |
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Synthesis or 3rd stage of dialectical process
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Occurs when both thesis and antithesis are considered at the same time, becoming the 3rd stage in the dialectical thought process
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Levinson stages of adulthood
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17-22 Early adult transition
18-33 Transition, cause change 22-28 First choices, love etc. 33-40 Settling down 40-45 Midlife transition, start to question 45-50 new choices made |
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Roger Gould
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Studies stages of adulthood ages 16-60
Ranked issues of greatest importance in people's lives Found issues involved becoming more satisfied and tolerant of oneself |
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Spousal abuse
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Common couple violence
Outbursts of yelling, insulting, physical attacks one or both partners Patriarchal terrorism One partner uses a wide range of tactics to isolate, degrade and punish the other |
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Glass ceiling
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Women and minorities can only get to a certain point
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Role buffering
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Each role provides a cushion for the disappointments in the other roles
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Factors affecting hearing loss
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Sex
Genes Age Deficits start age 30 (men) 50 (women) |
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Incidental exercise
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Work out 3 times a week or more for at least 30 min
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Climacteric
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Phase preceding menopause, believed to be as long as 10 yrs.
shorter menstrual cycles varying ovulation |
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Menopause
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Between ages 42 and 58
Menstrual periods stop Estrogen prod drop Usually dated after 1 year following the last menstrual period |
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Fluid and crystallized intelligence
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Fluid
All type of learning quick and in depth Crystallized Accumulated learning, vocab, general info, knowledge of scientific formulas, all part of this process |
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According to Gardner there are 7 levels of intelligence
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Linguistic
Logical-mathematical Musical-spatial Body-kinesthetic Social-understanding Self-understanding |
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Sternberg considered multiple intelligence in 3 ways
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Analytic
Planning, processing, verbal, logical skills Creative Intellectually flexible Practical Ability to adapt behavior to contextual demands of a situation |
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Five clusters of personality termed Big 5
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Extroversion
Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness Also gender convergence-women become more assertive and men begin to express sadness or grief more openly |
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Grandparenthood
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Remote
Involved Companionate |
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Work related issues
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Extrinsic
Non essential Intrinsic Belongint to Altruistic Doing it without any reward Self centered |
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Ageism
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Prejudice agains the aged involves categorizations and judgments based on chronological age
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Slower reaction times
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Due to changes in neuro system
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Eye sight statistics in older adults
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80% need some sort of corrective lenses
10% OK 10% significant vision problems: cataracts, glaucoma, senile macular degeneration |
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Biosocial domain
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Brain, body changes and social influences that guide them
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Cognitive domain
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thought processes, perceptual abilities and languages mastery
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Psychosocial domain
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Personality, emotions and interpersonal relationships with family, friends and rest of society
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Internal factors
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Physical maturation and cognition
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External factors
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Context of development
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Social construct
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How things should be based on shared perceptions of society rather than objective reality
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Cohort
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A group of persons born within a few years of each other
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Culture
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Sets of values, attitudes and customs shaped and maintained by people in a particular setting as a way to live or structure life together
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Robert LeVine cultural context
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Middle class families give less consideration to infant morality rates because their parental strageties focus on tech advances and emotional independence of their children
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Discontinuity
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Earlier characteristics of children disappear while traits and qualities emerge
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Case study
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An intensive study of one individual, involving a deep investigation into an individual's thoughts, feelings and life events
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Shortcomings of case studies
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Difficulty generalizing to other individuals and inability to pinpoint exact causal factors that lead to the condition that is under scrutiny
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Laboratory observation
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Act of watching and recording what people do in certain situations
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Major disadvantage of laboratory observation
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Problem of identifying the variable (any factor, condition or component of a study that can change from one individual, group or situation to another and affect behavior)
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Naturalistic observation
Advantages/disadvantages |
A-Can find things not found in controlled environment
D-Results don't always predict causal relationships, to generalize results to others not easily determined |
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Laboratory observation major disadvantage
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ID the variable such as any factor, condition or component of a study that can change from one individual, group or situation to affect behavior
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Positive correlation
Negative correlation |
ID whether 2 variables are related to each other
POS = Both variables increase of decrease NEG = One increases, other decreases |
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Survey when used
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When needing to generate a considerable amt of information about individuals about personal characteristics, life experiences, attitudes, opinions and behaviors
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Hypothesis
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A prediction of the outcome of a study in order to answer research questions
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To describe, predict and control relationships, research methods used are
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Case study
Observation Survey Correlation |
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Correlation and causation
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Not same.
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Experimental research
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Considers causes of
Psychological experiences Behavioral changes Physiological processes |
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Sequential Research =
Cross-sequential Cohort Time |
Many different groups, different ages
Differentiate findings with age versus time period |
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Turner's syndrome
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Individual born with 1 sex chromosome (XO)
Characteristics: Learning disabled (math, science) Difficulty recognizing facial emotion Short Secondary sex characteristics do not develop (menstruation, breasts) Often have webbed neck |
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Prenatal development phases
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Germinal - First 14 days
Embryonic - 3rd to 8th wk Fetal - 9th wk to birth |
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Organs functional
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At end of 7th month
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Teratogens
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Substances, ie drugs, alcohol
Diseases, ie rubella (measles) Drugsm ie tetracycline, anticoagulants, bromides, phenobarb, some hormones OTC ie, antacids, aspirin, diet pills |
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Drugs that will slow down growth of fetus
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Alcohol, cocaine, cigarettes, heroin, LSD, methadone, marijuana
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Low birth weight
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Any infant weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs) at birth
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Apgar
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Scale 1 to 10
Administered 1 min and 5 min after birth Measures: HR, RR, muscle tone, color, reflexes |
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Brazelton
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Scale to assess behavioral and neural functioning
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