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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define growth.
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Increase in height and weight
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Define development.
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Acquisition of skills and abilities
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Name the three directional trends associated with patterns of development.
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1. Cephalocaudal
2. Proximodistal 3. Differentiation |
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Define cephalocaudal.
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Starts at the head and moves downwards; caudal means tail
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Define proximodistal.
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Starts in the center and proceeds to the periphery; i.e. from abdomen to arms
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Define differentiation.
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Simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones.
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Name the 5 stages of childhood and the ages associated with each.
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Infant -- birth to 1 year
Toddler -- 1 to 3 years Preschool -- 3 to 6 years School-age -- 6 to 12 years Adolescence -- 12 to 18 years Also baby is technically a newborn from birth to 28 days |
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Name Piaget's 4 stages of development.
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1. Sensorimotor -- birth to 2 years
2. Preoperational -- 2 to 7 years 3. Concrete Operational -- 7 to 11 years 4. Formal operational -- 11 years to adulthood |
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What important development occurs during the sensorimotor stage?
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Object permanence
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Define object permanence.
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The child now knows that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or heard.
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Name an easy way to test for object permanence.
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Playing peek-a-boo
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Describe some of the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage.
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1. Progression from reflex activity to repetitive behaviors
By end of stage: 2. Understand cause and effect; e.g. if baby cries, mom will pick him/her up 3. Uses make-believe and pretend play |
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Describe some of the characteristics of the preoperational stage.
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1. Egocentric, less towards the end of stage
2. Magical thinking 3. Increase in language development 4. Associates words with objects/symbols |
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Describe some of the characteristics of the concrete operational stage.
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1. Becomes less egocentric
2. Thought process is logical and coherent 3. Solves concrete problems 4. Unable to think abstractly |
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Describe some of the characteristics of the formal operational stage.
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1. Capable of deductive and abstract thinking
2. Adaptable and flexible |
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Name Erikson's 5 stages of psychosocial development.
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1. Trust v. Mistrust -- Infancy
2. Autonomy v. shame and doubt -- Toddlerhood 3. Initiative v. guilt -- Preschool age 4. Industry v. inferiority -- School-age 5. Identity v. role confusion -- Adolescence |
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Elaborate on the trust v. mistrust phase.
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If the infants' needs are met, the infant will develop a sense of trust and think the world is a safe place. If not, they will develop a sense of mistrust.
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Elaborate on the autonomy v. shame and doubt phase.
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Toddlers: 1. Becomes more independent2. Learns to control bodily functions and control their world by deciding where they can eliminate waste 3. ... who are constantly criticized for showing independence will develop shame and doubt in abilities 4. Excessive autonomy could lead to disregard for and inability to play well with others |
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Elaborate on the initiative v. guilt phase.
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Preschoolers:
1. Develop a conscience 2. Learn right from wrong 3. Can act based on established rules 4. Learn about environment through play 5. ... who are constantly criticized for their actions may cause them to feel guilty and lack initiative |
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Elaborate on the industry v. inferiority phase.
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School-age child: 1. Enjoys projects and takes pride in accomplishments2. Enjoys working in groups and forming social relationships 3. Develops a sense of industry if the child is successful and finds a sense of purpose 4. May develop a sense of inferiority if they are unsuccessful |
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Elaborate on the identity v. role confusion phase.
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Adolescents:
1. Preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others 2. Work to establish their own identity 3. Try new roles out to find their best fit 4. If they are unable to establish their identity, they may struggle with role confusion in one or many roles throughout life 5. Some confusion is good and results in self-reflection and self-examination |
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Adolescents tend to think nothing bad can happen to them so it's important to...
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educate them on safe practices; e.g. safe sex and safety in vehicles
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Head circumference is measured at every visit until the age of...
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2
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On average, weight doubles by...
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6 months
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On average, weight triples by...
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1 year
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On average, weight quadruples by...
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2.5 years
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Recent Failure to Thrive is diagnosed when...
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the weight falls below the 5th percentile, but not the height.
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Chronic Failure to Thrive is diagnosed when...
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BOTH the weight and height fall below the 5th percentile
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How do we treat Failure to Thrive?
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Reverse the malnutrition and underlying cause
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Name some causes of Failure to Thrive related to inadequate caloric intake.
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Incorrect formula prep, food fad, neglect, excessive juice consumption, poverty, breastfeeding issues, behavioral problems affecting eating, and CNS problems affecting intake
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Name some causes of Failure to Thrive related to inadequate absorption.
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Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, biliary atresia, or hepatic disease
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Name some causes of Failure to Thrive related to increased metabolism.
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Hyperthyroidism, congenital heart disease, or chronic immunodeficiency,
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Name some causes of Failure to Thrive related to defective utilization.
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Genetic anomaly such as Trisomy 21, 18, or 13, congenital infection or metabolic storage diseases
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Fine Motor Skills: When does an infant start reaching for items?
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5 months
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Fine Motor Skills: When does an infant start using a raking motion to grasp for things?
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7 months
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Fine Motor Skills: When does an infant start grasping with a thumb-finger motion?
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By 11 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant start lifting his/her head?
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2 weeks
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Gross Motor: When can an infant lift his/her head up 45 degrees?
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3 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant lift his/her head up 90 degrees?
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4 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant lift his/her chest up using arms for support?
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5 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant bear weight on legs?
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4.5 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant roll over?
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2 to 5 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant sit erect with good head control?
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4 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant sit alone using hands for support?
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7 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant sit alone without support?
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8 months
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Gross Motor: When can an infant start to crawl and stand while holding onto something?
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9 months
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When does an infant recognize his/her primary caregiver?
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by 3 months
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When does stranger fear start to occur?
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4 months
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When does separation anxiety from primary caregiver peak?
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12 to 18 months
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Language: When does an infant respond to sounds?
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birth
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Language: When does an infant smile and coo?
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2 months
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Language: When does an infant laugh?
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3 to 4 months
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Language: When does an infant say "mama/dada" as sounds and not specific to mother and father?
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8 to 9 months
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Language: When does an infant follow one step and command and understand "no"?
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9 to 10 months
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Language: When does an infant say "mama/dada" specific to mother and father?
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12 months
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How many words does a 12 month old have in his/her vocabulary?
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3 to 5 words
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What is the preferred source of nutrition for infants?
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human milk
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T/F: It is okay to give water or juice to infants before the first 6 months
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False
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Giving infants honey can cause what?
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Botulism
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Infants should not have solid food until they are how old?
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6 months
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How long should we continue to give infants human milk or formula?
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12 months
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If bottle feeding with well water, what must be done before adding water to the formula?
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boil water
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When can infants concentrate their urine? What will happen if you give them too much water before this point?
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12 months; they can become hyponatremic and septic
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How often is it okay to replace formula or milk with fruit juice?
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Once a day after 6 months
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Iron fortified cereal mixed w/ or w/o fruit should be given to the infant until they are how old?
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18 months
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When should the infant be eating well cooked table food?
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by 1 year
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How many hours do newborns sleep a day and in what time increments?
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16 hours a day in 3 to 4 hour increments
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When do infants typically begin to sleep through the night and how many hours do they sleep at night?
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3 to 4 months for 6 to 8 hours
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How much do 1 year olds sleep?
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14 hours a day, 1 or 2 naps lasting 3 hours and 11 hours at night
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Which pain scale do we use on preterm and full-term neonates?
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NIPS
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What 6 factors does NIPS take into account?
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Facial expression, cry, breathing patterns, arms, legs, state of arousal
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What pain scale can use on individuals 2 months to 7 years that does not require them to verbally communicate their pain?
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FLACC
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What does FLACC stand for?
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Face, legs, arms, cry, consolability
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Is regurgitation or spitting up more concerning?
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regurgitation
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Define regurgitation.
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Return of undigested food from the stomach, usually accompanied by burping
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Define spitting up.
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Dribbling of unswallowed formula from the infant's mouth immediately after a feeding
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler stand alone?
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14 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler stoop and recover (squat down and pick something up)?
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14 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler walk well?
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15 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler run?
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20 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler walk up steps?
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21 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler jump up?
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20 to 25 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler jump off the ground with both feet?
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30 months
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Gross Motor: When can a toddler broad jump, walk up stairs with alternating feet, and possibly pedal a tricycle?
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3 years
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Gross Motor: When can a preschooler skip, hop on one foot, and catch a ball?
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4 years
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Gross Motor: When can a preschooler skip alternating feet, jump rope, and begin to skate and swim?
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5 years
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When does the anterior fontanel close?
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Between 12 to 18 months
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Fine Motor: When can a toddler throw a ball overhand?
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18 months
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Fine Motor: When can a toddler stack a tower of 6 cubes?
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2 years
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Fine Motor: When can a toddler copy a circle?
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3.5 years
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Fine Motor: When can a toddler copy a cross?
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4 years
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Fine Motor: When can a toddler copy a square and draw a person with 6 parts?
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5 years
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What psychosocial stage are toddlers in?
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Autonomy v. shame and doubt
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What psychosocial stage are preschoolers in?
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Initiative v. guilt
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Which cognitive stage are toddlers and preschoolers in?
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Preoperational
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When do kiddos start to recognize gender differences and refer to themselves by name?
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Toddler-age
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When do kiddos begin to recognize differences in skin color and learn prejudice?
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Preschool-age
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When is it okay to retract foreskin?
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2.5 years
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When should toddlers be able to drink from a covered cup and feed self?
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15 months
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When should toddlers be able to wash and dry hands?
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18 months
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When should toddlers be able to remove clothes, put on socks, shoes, and pants without regard for right or left?
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2 years
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When should toddlers be able to use a fork and spoon well?
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3 years
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When should toddlers be able to help in the house?
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3 years
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When should toddlers be able to brush teeth w/o help?
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4 years
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When should a toddler be able to say 300 words?
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2 years
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Toddlers should speak in sentences, repeat what is heard and be able to name body parts by when?
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18 months to 3 years
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When should a child be able to say his/her first and last name and be using plurals?
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3 years
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When should a kiddo's expressive vocabulary increase to 500 words and when should he/she be forming 4 to 5 word sentences?
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4 years
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When should kiddos be able to name common objects in books, use verbs, and use prepositions like over and under?
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5 years
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T/F: A child turning to the sound of his/her name indicates the beginning of self-concept.
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True
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What is the most incorrectly used pain scale?
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Faces
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When is the most common time regression is seen? E.g. a toddler who is potty trained regresses to peeing in his/diaper
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When a new baby comes into the picture
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T/F: Between 12 to 18 months, growth slows, decreasing the child's caloric needs.
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True
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What type of milk is recommended for toddlers? Why?
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Whole milk; they need the fat content for myelination of the nerves
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What type of anorexia can result from a kiddo being a picky, fussy eater with strong taste preferences? They may eat a lot one day and nothing the next and this may be influenced by the family.
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Physiologic
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It is good to encourage grazing with toddlers to help prevent __________ __________.
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childhood obesity
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T/F: Preschoolers need a well-balanced diet with limited fruit flavored beverages, adequate fat and calcium.
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False; fat should be limited and thus calcium should be obtained through low fat milk
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Should preschoolers drink fruit flavored beverages between meals?
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No per dentist orders
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How much do toddlers and preschoolers sleep on average?
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11 to 12 hours a day with one nap
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What is the single most common chronic childhood disease?
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Dental caries
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T/F: Pacifiers are now orthodontically correct so they don't effect teeth anymore.
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True
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Is it okay to prop bottles and give bottles to infants in bed?
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No
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Once teeth come in, what should a parent do after a feeding?
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Wipe teeth with a damp cloth
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Infants and toddlers require what kind of supplements for dental care?
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fluoride
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Toddlers should brush and _________ daily.
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floss
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Preschoolers should visit the dentist how often?
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every 6 months
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How often should preschoolers brush and floss?
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Brush after meals and twice a day; floss daily
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Is it okay to put chocolate milk or pop in baby's bottles?
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NO!
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On average, when is cerebral palsy usually diagnosed? What kind of skills do these kiddos struggle with?
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12 months; gross motor issues
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On average, when is mental retardation diagnosed? What developmental delays alert us that there is a problem?
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27 months; inability to talk and follow directions
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When are communication disorders usually diagnosed?
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32 months
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When are behavioral disorders usually diagnosed?
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3 to 5 years
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Which psychosocial stage is characterized by a sense of accomplishment or feelings of inadequacy? How old are these kiddos?
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Industry v. Inferiority; school-age (6 to 12)
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Which cognitive stage are school-age kids in?
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Concrete operations
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Define self-concept.
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The idea of self in relationship to others and the conscious awareness of self-perceptions
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Who is body-image influenced most by?
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significant others
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When are lifelong eating habits established?
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In the first 3 years of life
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How much physical activity should children and adolescents have each day?
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1 hour
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How much sleep is optimal for a 5 year old?
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11 hours
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How much sleep do 12 year olds usually like to get?
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9 hours
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When kids become adolescents, the number of hours they sleep usually increases to what?
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12 to 15 hours a day
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What ages make up early adolescence?
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11 to 14 years
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What ages make up middle adolescence?
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15 to 17 years
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What ages make up late adolescence?
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18 to 20 years
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When does the cognitive development of adolescents usually transition into formal operations?
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Middle to late adolescence
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During early adolescents, kids struggle to separate from their _______ and are preoccupied with their changing _________.
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parents; bodies
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When do kids usually adjust to their appearance, dress/act like peer group, have conflicts with authority figures and start forming romantic relationships?
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Middle adolescence
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When do kids start working toward vocational goals, developing adult-like relationships, and not rely as strongly on peer groups?
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18 to 20 years
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When is it appropriate to start using the numeric pain scale?
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8 to 10 years old; kids must have some way to quantify a 10
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What do Tanner stages measure?
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Secondary sex characteristics
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If a female is in the first Tanner stage, this means what in regard to breast development and pubic hair?
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Papilla is elevated but no pubic hair is present
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If a female is in the second Tanner stage, this means what in regard to breast development and pubic hair?
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Breast buds appear and straight, long hair is present on labia only
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If a female is in the third Tanner stage, this means what in regard to breast development and pubic hair?
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Enlargement of entire breast occurs but no protrusion of papilla and more pubic hair is present that is darker, coarser and starts to form a triangle
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If a female is in the fourth Tanner stage, this means what in regard to breast development and pubic hair?
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Enlargement of areola and protrusion of papilla occurs; pubic hair is more dense and curled but not as abundant as in adults
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If a female is in the fifth Tanner stage, this means what in regard to breast development and pubic hair?
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Adult configuration with protrusion of nipple; pubic hair is abundant and spreads over medial thighs
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What kind of hair typically comes in 6 months prior to menstruation?
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Axillary
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When is breast development complete?
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After pregnancy
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If a male is in the first Tanner stage, this means what in regard to genitals and pubic hair?
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There is no pubic hair; testes, scrotum, and penis are the same size and proportions as in childhood
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If a male is in the second Tanner stage, this means what in regard to genitals and pubic hair?
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Sparse growth of long, downy hair occurs primarily at the base of the penis; testes and scrotum enlarge; scrotum also becomes more textured
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If a male is in the third Tanner stage, this means what in regard to genitals and pubic hair?
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The pubic hair becomes darker and more curled sparsely over pubis symphysis; Penis lengthens and scrotum and testes enlarge
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If a male is in the fourth Tanner stage, this means what in regard to genitals and pubic hair?
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Pubic hair is adult in type and covers area smaller than most adults; Glans develop and scrotal skin darkens; penis, scrotum, and testes enlarge
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If a male is in the fifth Tanner stage, this means what in regard to genitals and pubic hair?
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Adult quantity of pubic hair, covering inner thighs; adult size of penis, scrotum, testes
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Who is consent obtained from?
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parent or legal guardian
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Who is assent obtained from?
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Patient (adolescent)
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Add HEADSS to adolescent psychosocial history. What does this stand for?
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Home environment, education, activity, drugs and diet, sexuality, suicide/safety
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What is a chronological age based off?
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Birthdate
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What is a developmental age based off?
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Where the child's development is at this point and time
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