Leslie - Gross Anatomy - Kidneys, Adrenal Glands And The Female Reproductive Tract

Front 1

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Back 1

To remove toxins from the bloodstream and produce urine.

To conserve salts, glucose, proteins and water, and through doing, regulate BP, hemodynamics and the acid-base balance of the body (renin and EPO)

Front 2

Why are the kidneys located "retro"peritoneally?

Back 2

Only the ventral surface of each kidney is covered by peritoneum.

Front 3

Which vertebrae are the right and left kidney located near?

What size are they in the dog/cat?

Back 3

R ~ T10-T13
L ~ T13 - L2

In dog, the kidney is 2.5 to 3.5 x the length of L2.

In cat, the kidney is 2-3 x the length of L2.

Front 4

What vessels lead to and away from the kidneys?

Back 4

Renal a. goes to the kidney; renal v. drains blood from it.

Renal lnn. are at the hilus.

The ureter carries urine away to the bladder.

Front 5

Define the fibrous capsule, renal hilus, renal sinus, renal pelvis, renal crest, cortex, and medulla of the kidneys.

Back 5

The fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney.

The hilus is the entrance/exit of the renal artery, vein, ureter and lymphatics.

The renal sinus is the cavity containing the renal pelvis, fat, vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

The renal pelvis is the funnel shaped structure receiving urine from the collecting ducts to pass to the ureter. The pelvis has p in it. Get it?

The renal crest is the ridge projecting longitudinally into the pelvis.

The cortex is peripherally located with the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules.

The medulla contains the collecting ducts, renal pyramids, and renal crest.

Front 6

What is meant by pseudopyramidal?

Back 6

It means that the pyramids have fused to be one longitudinally. In the cat and dog, our longitudinal cut showed no pyramids, but a sagitall cut looked like this, where the individual pyramids were evident.

Front 7

What is the pelvic recess?

Back 7

It is the extension of the renal pelvis between the renal pyramids.

Front 8

Which kidneys are more easily palpated dog or cat?

Back 8

Cat.

Front 9

Do the kidneys of the dog or cat have subcapsular veins?

Back 9

The cat kidneys have subcapsular veins draining into the renal v.

Front 10

What shape is the renal crest in the dog? In the cat?

Back 10

The renal crest is longitudinal in the dog and cone shaped in the cat.

Front 11

What are the functions of the adrenal glands?

Back 11

The cortex produces mineralocorticoids, corticosteroids, and sex hormones.

The medulla produces epinephrine and norephinephrine.

Front 12

Where are the adrenal glands located? What vessels are they located between?

Back 12

They are located cranial to the kidneys.

The phrenicoabdominal artery is dorsal to them and the phrencioabdominal vein is ventral to them.

Front 13

Let's go from Ovary to Vulva.

Back 13

Ovary to uterine tube to uterus, which includes the horn, body and cervix, then onto the vajayjay to the vestibule and then the vulva.

Front 14

What are the connecting tissues of the broad ligament?

Back 14

The mesometrium (uterus), mesovarium (ovary), and the mesosalpinx (uterine tube).

Front 15

What's released from the ovarian bursa?

Back 15

Ova

Front 16

In relation to the kidneys, where are the ovaries located?

Back 16

The ovaries are dorsocaudal to the kidneys. The right ovary is more cranial than the left (just like the kidneys!)

Front 17

What vessels course within the mesovarium covering the ovary? What happens to the mesovarium in a spay procedure?

Back 17

The ovarian artery and vein course within the mesovarium.

They are ligated during a spay.

Front 18

What ligaments are associated with the ovaries? Where do they course between? Which one gets broken down during an ovariohysterectomy (spay)?

Back 18

The proper ligament of the ovary - course between the ovary and the tip of the uterine horn.

The suspensory ligament of the ovary - courses between the ovary and the body wall/last rib.

The suspensory ligament is broken down during an ovariohysterectomy by strumming.

Front 19

What is the ovarian bursa? What forms it? Is the opening to the ovarian bursa larger in the dog or cat?

Back 19

The ovarian bursa is the peritoneal sac that encloses the ovary.

It is formed by the mesovarium and mesosalpinx.

The opening to the ovarian bursa is larger in the cat.

Front 20

What else is the uterine tube known as?

Where does it course between?

What supports it?

Back 20

The uterine tube is also known as the oviduct, fallopian tube, or salpinx.

It courses between the ovarian bursa and the uterine horn, first cranially and then caudally along the lateral side of the ovarian bursa.

It's supported byt he mesosalpinx.

Front 21

Where does fertilization occur?

Back 21

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

Front 22

What are the three regions of the uterine tube?

Back 22

The infundibulum - funnel shaped, fimbria around it's edge "catch" the ovum. The palm with fingers.

Abdominal ostium - the wrists - located between the infundibulum and ampulla.

The ampulla - the forearms - the longest part, where fertilization typically occurs.

The isthmus - the tubouterine junction, between the uterine tube and uterine horn.

Front 23

What are the regions of the uterus?

Back 23

Uterine horns, uterine body and the cerivx.

Front 24

Identify C. What is it a remnant of? Where does it course between? Does it get broken down in spays?

Back 24

C is the round ligament. It's a remnant of the gubernaculum. It courses between the uterine horn and the vaginal process.

It does get broken down in spay procedures.

Front 25

Where is the cervix located?
What is the passageway within the cervix called?
What is the internal uterine ostium?
What is the external uterine ostium?

Back 25

The cervix is located at the caudal portion of the uterus.

The cervical canal is the passageway within the cervix.

The internal uterine ostium is the opening of the cervix into the body of the uterus.

The external uterine ostium is the opening of the cervix into the vagina.

Front 26

What is the vagina the region between?

What is the vaginal fornix? Where does it extend from and to?

Back 26

The vagina is the region between the cervix and vestibule.

The fornices of the vagina are the deepest portions of the vagina, extending into the recesses created by the extension of the cervix into the vaginal space. The word 'fornix' is Latin for 'arch'.

The vaginal fornix extends cranial to the cervix ventrally.

Front 27

Where does the region of the vestibule extend in the female reproductive organs?

What structure drains into it?

What type of muscle exists in the vestibule?

Back 27

The vestibule is the region of the reproductive tract between the vagina and vulva.

The urethra drains into it at the urethral tubercle by way of the external urethral orifice.

Skeletal muscle is in the wall of the vestibule.

Front 28

Is the urethra in the female located ventrally or dorsally?

Back 28

Ventrally

Front 29

Is the clitoris located ventrally or dorsally?

Back 29

Ventrally

Front 30

Is the fossa for the clitoris located ventrally or dorsally?

Back 30

Ventrally

Front 31

Is the vaginal fornix located ventrally or dorsally?

Back 31

Ventrally

Front 32

Define the vulva.

Back 32

It is the labia with dorsal and ventral commissures (corners)

Front 33

What arteries go into and veins from the ovaries? Where do they come from/go to, respectively?

Back 33

The ovarian arteries supply the ovaries, the ovarian bursa, uterine tube, and uterine horns. It's a branch off of the aorta.

The right ovarian vein drains into the caudal vena cava.

The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein.

Front 34

Which ovary could be harder to exteriorize in an ovariohysterectomy and why?

Back 34

The right, because it is more cranial

Front 35

What is pyometra

Back 35

Pus in the uterus