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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blood is composed of 58% ____ and 42% _______ |
blood = 58% plasma, 42% cellular elements |
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Plasma is made up of ...
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water, ions, plasma proteins, nutrients, waste, respiratory gases, hormones, etc.
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Cellular Elements include... (3)
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
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erythrocytes |
make up about 40% of plasma. red blood cells that transport oxygen & carbon dioxide. contribute to hematocrit. |
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leukocytes |
make up about 1% of plasma. white blood cells that control defense and immunity. |
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platelets |
bone fragments used for blood clotting |
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Hematocrit |
the percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packaged red blood cells, or erythrocytes. (RBC/total volume) |
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anemia |
too few red blood cells |
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polycythemia |
too many red blood cells. |
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Living at a higher elevation for a few weeks will ______ your hematocrit and your body will make ______ red blood cells and have a(n) ______ need for oxygen. |
increased elevation = increased hematocrit = increased RBC = increased need for oxygen |
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The left ventricles muscle mass is ______ than the rights ventricle muscle mass because... |
larger because the left ventricle has to generate about 8 times more pressure than the right ventricle. |
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Cardiac Output (CO) |
the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart over time (~5L/min) |
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Describe the blood flow starting from the right atrium. |
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, superior & inferior vena cava, right atrium. |
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aortic semilunar valve |
aortic valve in between left ventricle and aorta |
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pulmonic semilunar valve |
pulmonary valve in between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. |
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tricuspid AV valve |
right AV valve in between right atrium and right ventricle |
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bicuspid/mitral AV valve |
left AV valve in between the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Auscultation |
listening for the internal sounds in the body |
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Ventricular diastole |
period of ventricular relaxation (semilunar valves close) that includes filling of blood |
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ventricular filling |
The atria contract so the blood flows into the ventricles (~135mL) |
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Ventricular systole |
period of ventricular contraction to push the blood out of the heart (AV valves closed) |
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ventricular ejection |
~70mL of blood is ejected from the ventricles out of the heart. (semilunar valves open) |
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End diastolic volume (EDV) |
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole (relaxation/filling) = ~135mL
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End systolic volume (ESV) |
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular systole (contraction/ejection) = ~65mL |
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Stroke Volume |
in a single, cardiac cycle, the same volume of blood is pumped by the right ventricle as by the left ventricle of the heart. (~70mL) |
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Cardiac Conducting System path |
SA nodes --> AV nodes --> Bundle of His fibers --> Purkinje fibers. |
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Autorhythmic cells |
contractile cells that generate graded potential for SA nodes |
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Channels used in Autorhythmic SA node depolarization |
sodium HCN4 f-type 'funny' non-selective cation voltage-gated channel, voltage-gated calcium fast channel, voltage-gated potassium channel, gap junction |
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Channels used in Contractile cell depolarization |
gap junction, fast sodium voltage-gated channel, slow calcium voltage-gated channel, potassium voltage-gated channel |
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Hydrostatic pressure (PH): how does it increase or decrease? |
gets larger when efferent arteriole constricts gets smaller when afferent arteriole constricts |
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Increase in Contractility = ____ in CO = ____ in MAP |
Increase in contractility = increase in CO = increase in MAP |
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Channels used in cardiac contractile muscle |
voltage-gated DHP L-type Ca2+ channel, & calcium ligand-gated ryr calcium release channel. (and Na+/Ca2+ antiport in relaxation) |
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Differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle contraction |
Skeletal muscle contraction: 1. uses a foot protein to mechanically open the calcium release channel on the terminal cisternae of the SR 2. all calcium is stored back in the SR 4. Brief refractory period 5. Short action potential duration (1-2msec) Cardiac muscle contraction: 1. calcium enters sarcoplasm from t-tubule and calcium opens the ligand-gated calcium release channel on the terminal cisternae of the SR (calcium induced - calcium released) 2. some calcium is stored back in SR, some is used in secondary active transport to allow sodium to come in while calcium is pumped out. 4. Long refractory period (contractile) 5. Long action potential duration (200msec) |
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Tetanus |
maximum tension a skeletal muscle can develop. No shortening and no relaxing = no movement. Summation happens about every 75msec until it reaches tetanus. |
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Einthoven's Triangle |
used to be the most efficient way of readingECG, especially lead 2 because it was most parallel to the electrical pathwayin the heart |
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P wave |
atrial depolarization/contraction |
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QRS wave |
ventricular depolarization. Q-->R = AP from atria down septum R-->S = AP through sides of heart |
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T wave |
ventricular repolarization/relaxation |
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AED |
automatic external defibrillators. conducts electrical signal across chest to reset the SA node cells to rest the heart beat. |
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Systolic pressure (SP) |
maximum pressure exerted by the blood against the artery wall (~120mmHg) |
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bump in BP graph is due to... |
the brief back flow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve |
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Diastolic pressure (DP) |
lowest pressure in artery at the end of ventricular diastole (~80mmHg) |
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Pulse Pressure (PP) |
difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure (~40mmHg) |
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Mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure = a calculated "average" pressure in the arteries |
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EQUATIONS: CO = ? * ? MAP = ? * ? * ? R = (8 * ? * ?)/(?*?^?) SV= ? - ? PP = ? - ? MAP = ? + ?/? Contractility = change in ratio of ?/? |
CO = HR * SV MAP = CO * R R = (8*L*n)/(pi*r^4) SV= EDV - ESV PP = Systolic P - Diastolic P MAP = DP + PP/3 Contractility = change in ratio of SV/EDV |
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Heart Rate Regulation: parasympathetic NS |
Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors in SA nodal cells decreases heart rate because there is a slight hyper polarization from the opened potassium channels and a decrease in the slope of the pacemaker potential. (changes heart very rapidly). Can only change HR. |
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Heart Rate Regulation: sympathetic NS |
E/NE activates beta-adrenergic receptors in SA nodal cells which increases heart rate because there is a higher depolarization and increase in the slope of pacemaker potential. Can change HR, contractility, stroke volume, arteriole radii. |
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Frank-Starling Mechanism |
If the ventricle is stretched and more EDV is added, more blood will be pumped out of the ventricle, which means venous return also increases. (see graph) |
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Increase in EDV = ______ in SV Increase in Plasma E = ____ in SV Increase in Plasma E = ____ in HR Increase in sympathetic NS = _____ in SV Increase in sympathetic NS = ____ in HR Increase in parasympathetic NS = ____ in HR |
increase increase increase increase increase decrease |
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Arteries |
pressurized tube that maintains blood flow & DP during ventricular relaxation. brings blood from the heart to the body or lungs. |
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Arterioles |
smaller regulating arteries that connect arteries and capillaries and are covered by smooth muscle that is covered by alpha-receptors. Resistance increases greatly in arterioles. Arterioles have neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrine messenger molecules in them. |
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Capillaries |
exchange vessels that branch out in the lungs and remove carbon dioxide and waste products from blood for oxygen and glucose. |
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Veins/Venules |
capacitance vessels (hold 61% of blood). bring blood back to the heart. Lowest BP out of all vessels. |
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Cardiovascular system: Epinephrine/NE (alpha r) |
hormone/neurotransmitter that uses alpha receptors to vasoconstrict vessels and increase resistance. |
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Cardiovascular system: Vasopressin (AVP) |
neurohormone. Vasoconstricts vessels and increases BP during hemorrhage. |
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Cardiovascular system: Angiotensin II |
hormone. vasoconstrictor, increases BP. |
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Cardiovascular system: Epinephrine (beta r) |
neurohormone. Released by adrenal medulla to vasodilate and increase blood flow, decrease BP, to skeletal muscle, heart, & liver. |
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Cardiovascular system: Nitric oxide (NO) |
paracrine hormone released by endothelium cells to vasodilate vessels and locally control blood flow. AKA EDRF that relaxes muscles and decreases resistance. |
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Cardiovascular system: Histamine |
paracrine hormone. vasodilates vessels and increases local blood flow during injury or infection. |
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Cardiovascular system: oxygen, CO2, H+, & K+ |
all paracrine hormones. decreased oxygen or increased CO2, H+, or K+ vasodilate vessels and increases local blood flow to match metabolism. |
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Bulk flow |
mass movement of water and dissolved solutes between blood (capillaries) and interstitial fluid. (filtration/absorption). There is a net filtration in the capillaries. |
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lymph vessels |
absorb about 2-3L/day from interstitial space from the capillaries. |
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Baroreceptors |
receptors that sense blood pressure and send signals of negative feedback to maintain a constant BP. Increase in BP = increase in baroreceptor action potential frequency |
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Orthostasis |
quick movement from laying down to standing up causes a rapid drainage of blood from head due to gravity and a decrease in pressure in your head (-39mmHg), making you dizzy. |
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hypotension |
situation: decrease in venous return = decrease in EDV of left ventricle = decrease SV in left ventricle = decrease in CO = decrease in MAP response: decreased baroreceptor activity = increased sympathetic activity & decreased parasympathetic activity = increase in HR, SV, & R = increase in MAP & venous return. |
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hypertension |
chronically increased MAP (140/90mmHg). chronically increased total peripheral resistance due to decreased arteriolar radius. baroreceptors reset and see 140/90 as normal (dangerous!) --> kidney failure/left ventricular hypertrophy in heart. |
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Exercise |
large increase in blood flow, CO & HR increase in MAP, SV, & EDV decrease in total peripheral resistance & blood flow to viscera blood flow to brain is unchanged. |
