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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism? |
Sum of all chemical reactions in l cells and promotes homeostasis |
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What is cellular respiration? |
Process where potential energy in chemical bonds in food molecules is released. |
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The two mechanisms to synthesize ATP, and describe each mechanism. |
Substrate level phosphorylation = transfer of phosphate from phosphorylated substrate. Ex: phosphate to ADP Oxidative Phosphorylation = bulk of ATP made; a. Electron transport creates proton gradient b. Chemiosmosis used the gradient to synthesize ATP |
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Characteristics of an Enzyme |
Globular proteins Catalysts Speed up rate of chemical reaction They are specific Lower activation energy |
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What is gluconeogenesis? |
Liver can turn lactate to pyruvate to gluclose. Making a carb from a noncarb source |
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What is glycogenesis? |
Glucose stored to liver as glycogen |
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What is glycogenolysis |
Liver can break down glycogen back to glucose |
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What is the final acceptor of electrons? |
Oxygen |
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What is the total of ATP in cellular respiration? |
36-38 ATP |
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What is the total of ATP in Electron Transport Chain/System? |
32-34 ATP |
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What energy carriers go to the cristae of the mitochondria? |
FAD and NAD |
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If cell has oxygen, pyruvates undergo _________; acetate/acetyl CoA go in mitochondria in matrix |
Decarboxylation |
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What is lipolysis? |
Breakdown of lipids |
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How many electrons go into each shell? |
1st Shell: 2 2nd Shell: 8 3rd Shell: 8 |
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What are the products of Glycolysis, and where is it located and condition? |
Products: 2 ATP, 2 NADH+2H, 2 pyruvates Location: in cytoplasm Condition: Anaerobic |
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What are the products of Intermediate step, and what is its condition? |
Products: 2CO2, 2NADH+H+, 2 Acetyl CoA Condition: Aerobic, only if it has oxygen |
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What is decarboxylation? |
A pyruvate losing a carbon and becoming an acetate/acetyl group. |
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Stages of Mitosis: |
P.M.A.T Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase |
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What is Helicase? |
Unzips DNA during replication |
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What does DNA Polymerase do? |
Proof reads, binds together nucleotides |
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What do goblet cells do? |
Secrete mucus, they are a unicellular gland |
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Merocrine Glands... |
Produce secretions intermittently Don't destroy itself Ex: Eccrine Sweat Gland |
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Holocrine Gland... |
Secretions discharged upon rupture/death of cell New cells replace dead cells Ex: Sebaceous Oil Gland |
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Apocrine Gland... |
Secrete intermittently Ends pinch off to release secretions |
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Difference between Exocrine and Endocrine glands. |
Exocrine Glands: Secretes into ducts Endocrine: Secretes into blood (no ducts) |
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Cell membrane is also classified as a... |
Fluid mosaic model |
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
Protects body Covers surfaces Lines body cavities |
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Functions of Connective Tissue |
Supports/Protects organs Connects/Hold body parts together |
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Functions of Muscle Tissue |
Specialized for moving body |
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Functions of Nervous Tissue |
Receives and transmits messages (nerve impulse/action potential) |
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Conditions in a resting cell. |
Intracellular: K- Extracellular: Na+ |
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Which nucleotides are Purines? |
Adenine and Guanine |
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Which nucleotides are pyramidines |
Cytosine and Thymine |
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Functions of Membrane Proteins |
-Ion channels -Transporter/Carrier -Receptor -Enzyme -Cell Identity Marker -Cell adhesion molecules -Second Messenger systems -Attachment to cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix |
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What makes up a nucleotide? |
A phosphate A sugar A nitrogenous base |
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What is glycocalyx and what does it do? |
Loose carbohydrate coat of the cell. (Made up of glycoprotein and glycolipid) Unique in everyone but identical twins **Remember vaguely, don't stress too much about it for Test** |
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In which tissue does gas exchange occur? |
Simple Squamous Epithelium. Why? Located in alveoli of lungs where gas exchange takes place |
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Where is Simple Squamous Epithelium located? |
Alveoli of lungs Portion of Kidney Blood vessel Body cavities Covering of viscera |
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Where is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium located? |
Ovaries Tubules of kidney (renal tubules) Salivary glands Pancreas |
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Where is Simple Columnar Epithelium located? |
Lining of stomach lumen and intestinal lumen |
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Where is Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium located? |
Uterine tubes/Ovi ducts/Uterine duct |
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Where is Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium located? |
Lumen of trachea and bronchial tubes |
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Where is Stratified Squamous Epithelium located? |
Keratinized: Epidermis Nonkeratinized: oral cavity, nasal cavity, vagina and anal cavity |
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Where is Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium located? |
Sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas |
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Where is Stratified Columnar Epithelium located? |
Ducts of Salivary glands And Cornea |
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Where is Transitional Epithelium located? |
Urinary system: Urinary bladder/ureters |
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Microtubules |
Made of tubulin, in mitosis makes asters/spindle fibers |
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Intermediate fibers |
Subject to mechanical stress |
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Microfilaments |
Motility in muscles |
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Epithelial cells are tightly bonded in what ways? |
1. Glycoprotein deposits 2. Desmosomes(anchoring junctions)- cells subject to mechanical stress. Skin/cardiac 3. Tight junctions |
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What is a gene? |
Segment of DNA to make RNA & Proteins |
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3 nucleotides make a... |
Codon. Codon = 3 nucleotides |
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What is 1st phase of protein synthesize, describe and name location. |
Transcription- Copying information from DNA to mRNA Located in nucleus |
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What is 2nd phase of protein synthesis, describe and name location. |
Translation- Interpreting codes from mRNA to amino acids Located: on ribosomes in rough ER in cytoplasm |
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Function of nucleus |
Control center of the cell |
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Function of ribosome |
Protein synthesis |
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Function of nucleolus |
Makes ribosomes Made up of rRNA + proteins |
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Function of Rough ER? |
Glycosylation (adding a carb to a protein) |
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Function of Smooth ER |
Makes steroids and lipids. Abundant in liver and kidneys |
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Function of Golgi body |
UPS; packages, modifies, and sends out |
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When there is a lack of oxygen, pyruvates turns into.. |
Lactate acid |
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What occurs with Hypertonic solutions? |
Cremation |
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What occurs with Hypotonic solutions? |
Hemolysis |
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Products of Kreb Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle, and location |
Products: 4CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH + 6H+, 2 FADH2 Located: Matrix of Mitochondria |
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Products in Electron Transport Chain/System and location |
Products: H2O, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 32/34 ATP |
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What energy carriers travel in reduced form through ETS |
NAD AND FAD |
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Lipogenesis |
The formation of lipids. Making |
