Semester 1 Ahs 131 Lecture Test 2

Front 1

Membrane

Structure, Composition, and Function

Back 1

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

Front 2

Membrane
Structure, Composition, and Function

Proteins

Back 2

Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins

Front 3

Membrane
Structure, Composition, and Function

Integral Proteins

Back 3

Span the entrie width of the membrane
Provid structural support
Also called transmembrane proteins
Ex: glycophorins, A, B, C, Anionic, Exchange Channel (Band 3)
Channel proteins - permit movement of water, ions and other small water soluble solutes; 3 anionic exchange channel proteins permit Cl- and HCO3- ions to pass and resist the movement of cations

Front 4

Membrane
Structure, Composition, and Function

Peripheral Proteins

Back 4

Bound to the inner surface of the membrane and can be separated from it
Provide support and shape to the cell
Connect with integral proteins, uniting the protein/phospholipid moiety
Ex: spectrin, ankyrin, actin

Front 5

Membrane
Structure, Composition, and Function

Lipids

Back 5

Choline phospholipids - lecithin
Aminophospholipids - cephalins
Sphingophospholipids
Cholesterol

Front 6

Structure, Composition, and Function

Choline Phospholipids

Back 6

Lecithin
Predominate on outer surface
Associated with regulating lipid exchange across membrane and metabolism by the cell

Front 7

Structure, Composition, and Function

Amino phospholipids

Back 7

Cephalins
Serine, ethanolamine, and inositol
Predominate on the inner bilayer

Front 8

Structure, Composition, and Function

Sphingophospholipids

Back 8

Variety of choline phospholipid
Sphingosine alcohol replaces glycerol
Occupies the outer layer

Front 9

Structure, Composition, and Function

Lipids - Cholesterol

Back 9

Occupies the area between the phospholipid bilayer
In a 1:1 ratio with other phospholipids
Disrupting this ratio can cause cell death

Front 10

Structure, Composition, and Function
Carbohydrates

Back 10

Sugars
Act as an antigen on the cell surface
Extend beyond inner and outer surface to form the glycocalyx
Glycocalyx protects membrane, aids in recognition of cell as normal or abnormal, anchors cell in place, act as receptors

Front 11

Cell Cycle

Replication

Back 11

Replication occurs during the S phase
Replication - making of DNA
DNA - genetic information of the cell; double strand
Nucleotide - Building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) - made up of nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Front 12

Leading Strand

Back 12

That strand of DNA manufactured by continuous synthesis

Front 13

Lagging Strand

Back 13

That strand of DNA manufactured by discontinuous synthesis

Front 14

Continuous Synthesis of DNA

Back 14

Occurs in a C5' c3' direction
DNA polymerase works towards the unzipping

Front 15

Discontinuous Synthesis

Back 15

Occurs with lagging strand of DNA replication
Makes fragments of DNA that get bound together
DNA polymerase works away from the unzipping

Front 16

Okazaki f\Fragments

Back 16

Fragments from the discontinuous strand
Get bound together by ligase

Front 17

Helicase

Back 17

Unzips the DNA double strand for replication

Front 18

DNA Polymerase

Back 18

Synthesizes DNA in a C5 C3 direction

Front 19

RNA Polymerase

Back 19

Synthesizes mRNA

Front 20

DNA Ligase

Back 20

Ties the Okazaki fragments together

Front 21

RNA Primer

Back 21

Short strand of RNA so DNA synthesis can start
On lagging strand

Front 22

RNA Primase

Back 22

Produces the RNA primer

Front 23

Antisense Strand

Back 23

The strand of DNA from which mRNA is manufactures

Front 24

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Back 24

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells and each new cell has 2n number of chromosomes
Meiosis occurs in sex cells and each new cell has 1n number of chromosomes

Front 25

Prophase

Back 25

Spindle fibers appear
Paired chromosomes can be seen
Nucleoli disappear

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

Chromatids line up

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

Chromatids start to separate
Daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell

Front 28

Telophase

Back 28

Nuclear membrane reforms
Cell prepares to return to Interphase

Front 29

Homologous Pairing

Back 29

The two members of each pair of chromosomes are known as homologous chromosomes

Front 30

Crossing Over

Back 30

If adjacent chromatids overlap and switch sections

Front 31

Centromere

Back 31

The central region where 2 chromatids remain connected after the chromosome replicated

Front 32

Chromatid

Back 32

One complete copy of DNA

Front 33

Histones

Back 33

Proteins
Associated with DNA
DNA strands are waound around them

Front 34

mRNA

Back 34

Messenger RNA
Uracil replaces thymine
Made from one strand of DNA
Can leave nucleus to help synthesize proteins
Made from the antisense strand of DNA

Front 35

Transcription

Back 35

The manufacturing of mRNA
The encoding of genetic instructions on a strand of mRNA

Front 36

Translation

Back 36

Protein synthesis
The process of peptide formation from instructions carried by an mRNA strand

Front 37

Ribosome structure

Back 37

25 nm in diameter
60% RNA and 40% protein
Made up of 2 subunits
Small subunit - 30-40 nm in diameter
Large subunit 50-60 nm in diameter
Subunits are distinct in the non-activated ribosome

Front 38

Initiation Factor

Back 38

In translation
Factors that are required to begin the process of protein synthesis

Front 39

tRNA

Back 39

Transfer RNA
Brings the amino acids to the mRNA for protein synthesis

Front 40

mRNA Starter Codon

Back 40

AUG
Attaches to the small subunit on the ribosome

Front 41

tRNA Anticodon

Back 41

UAC
Carries amino acid methionine

Front 42

Which RNA attaches first to ribosome to initiate protein synthesis?

Back 42

mRNA

Front 43

Which ribosomal subunit deos mRNA attach to?

Back 43

Small subunit

Front 44

Which ribosomal subunit does tRNA associate with?

Back 44

First the small subunit
After activation when tRNA binding occurs, the large subunit joins the sall subunit to form a complete ribosome

Front 45

What is the function of tRNA

Back 45

To bring amino acids

Front 46

Where on the ribosome are amino acids synthesized into a polypeptide or protein?

Back 46

Enzymes of the large subunit attach amino acids together

Front 47

Elongation Factor

Back 47

?

Front 48

Termination/Releasing Factor

Back 48

?

Front 49

Glycolysis

Back 49

Cytoplasmic activity
Yields 2 ATPs by direct substrate phosphorylation and 2 hydrogen pairs which are shuttled to the mitochondria for a yield of either 4 or 6 ATPs; making a total of 6 or 8 ATPs depending on the tissue's shuttle system
This is Anaerobic - it occurs in the absence of oxygen
Results in the development of lactic acid
This anaerobic pathway is called the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

Front 50

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 50

Mitochondrial activity
Yield for 2 pyruvate molecules is 10 hydrogen pairs which yield 28 ATPs after going through the Hydrogen Transport system

Front 51

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 51

8 of the hydrogen pairs enter the hydrogen transport system at NAD and yield 24 ATPs
2 of the hydrogen pairs enter the system at FAD and yield 4 ATPs
Total yield for citric acid cycle is 28 ATPs

Front 52

Hydrogen Transport System

Back 52

NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FAD - Flavo adenine dinucleotide
Cytochromes -Iron (Fe++) bound hydrogen acceptor compounds

Front 53

Hydrogen Transport System

Back 53

NAD, FAD, and cytpchromes are mitochondrial compounds
They all participate in oxidation and reduction activities with hydrogen that result in energy that is harnessed (saved) by the cell in the form of ATP
Other forms of energy include ADP and GTP GTP is the main source of energy used during repilcation, transcripton, and translation

Front 54

Organelles

Back 54

know general functions

Front 55

Polarized Membrane

Back 55

Do websites

Front 56

Osmosis/Diffusion

Back 56

do cards