Bio 168 Test 2

Front 1

What is osseus tissue?

Back 1

It is a kind of connective tissue that contains matrix (storage area) for minerals. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bone organs that make up the skeletal system. It is a dynamic tissue

Front 2

What is matrix?

Back 2

It is a storage area for minerals which entraps the cells. Osteoblasts build the matrix before becoming osteocytes. Bone is formed by the hardening of this matrix entrapping the cells.

Front 3

What gives bones flexibility?

Back 3

Collagen

Front 4

What are hydroxyapatites?

Back 4

It is a bone mineral, a form of calcium apatite. It is 50% of bone mass.

Front 5

What are the five skeletal functions?

Back 5

Support, protection, blood cell formation, mineral reservoir and a base for muscle movements

Front 6

What is a sesamoid bone?

Back 6

It is a bone embedded within a tendon

Front 7

What is the location for interstitial growth?

Back 7

The epiphyseal plate

Front 8

What is an osteon?

Back 8

It is a basic structural unit of osseous tissue.
comprised of cylinders of matrix arranged around central canal, enclosing BVs and nerves
osteons align parallel to the long axis of bone in the diaphysis
they are formed by osteoblasts during the process of calcification

Front 9

What is the compact bone structure and function?

Back 9

Compact bone is formed by osteons. Its function is to protect the marrow and to give structure to the bone.

Front 10

What is the spongy bone structure and function?

Back 10

Spongy bone is a network of trabeculae (hardened bars), which is filled with red marrow. It provides strength but is also lightweight
- found in epiphysis
- site of hemopoiesis (formation of blood cells)
When in flat bone, it is wedged in between compact bone layers and is called diploe.

Front 11

What is diploe?

Back 11

It is the spongy bone structure (or tissue) of the internal part of short, irregular, and flat bones

Front 12

What is a stem cell?

Back 12

It is a cell that can differentiate into diverse and specialized cell types. Osteogenic cells are a type of a stem cells found in persteum/endosteum

Front 13

What is a amitotic cell?

Back 13

A cell that does not reproduce by mitosis. For example, osteoblasts and osteocytes are replaced by a osteogenic cell instead of dividing by mitosis.

Front 14

Compare the structure of flat bone vs long bone

Back 14

Flat bones do not have yellow marrow or the epiphyseal plate.

Front 15

What is ossification?

Back 15

It is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
Functions: 1) iniatial formation of skeletal model in fetus (at 6-8 weeks post fertilization) and 2) involved in remodeling and repair of bones
There are two types of ossification: Intramembranous ossification is formation of flat bones from fibrous tissue, while endochondral ossification involves formation of long bone from a cartilage template

Front 16

What is calcification?

Back 16

It is mineralizing of tissue which is continuous throughout life. In other words, it is the process in which calcium salts build up in soft tissue, causing it to harden

Front 17

What is calculus?

Back 17

It is an abnormal concretion, usually composed of mineral salts, occurring within the body, chiefly in hollow organs or their passages. Called also stone.

Front 18

What is an inhibor?

Back 18

it is a type of receptor that blocks Ca+ from entering PM or soft tissue

Front 19

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Back 19

Hypocalcemia is a condition in which the individual's level of blood calcium is too low. The symptoms are: hyper-excitability, anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and finally, congestive heart failure

Front 20

What are the types of marrow, their locations and functions?

Back 20

Red marrow (looks like thick blood) is hemopoietic. it is found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and proximal heads of femur and humerus in adults. Yellow marrow is in the diaphysis of long bones in adults. It stores fat which the body consumes as a last resort in cases of extreme starvation. It also turns into red marrow in emergencies such as blood loss or anemia.
Gelatinous marrow - old age
Yellow marrow replaced with reddish jelly anemia in the elderly

Front 21

What is the location for hemopoiesis?

Back 21

Red marrow produces blood, so anywhere in flat bones and in the epiphisis of long bone.

Front 22

What are the 4 bone cells and functions?

Back 22

Osteogenic cells – stem cells in persteum/endosteum
Osteoblasts – BUILDS matrix (mineralized, amiotic)Osteocytes – trapped osteoblasts in the matrix that maintain tissue (amitotic)
Osteoclasts – derived from WBCs, dissolve matrix to release minerals into the blood for development, maintenance + repair

Front 23

What is ectopic ossification?

Back 23

It is a pathologic condition in which bone forms in tissues other than osseous tissue

Front 24

What are chondrocytes?

Back 24

the only cells found in healthy cartilage

Front 25

What are the hormones affecting bone grown?

Back 25

They are the pituatary gland homones, thyroid hormones, as well as estrogens and androgens

Front 26

What are they hormones that increase epiphyseal activity during puberty?

Back 26

Androgens (testasterone) and estrogens

Front 27

What are the hormones that close the epiphyseal plate?

Back 27

Androgens (testasterone) and estrogens

Front 28

What is the term for Ca deficienty?

Back 28

Hypocalcemia

Front 29

What are the 4 vital functions of Ca?

Back 29

Nerve transmission, muscle contraction, enzymes, blood clotting

Front 30

What are the 2 ossification processes?

Back 30

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Front 31

What is the term for increasing bone thickness?

Back 31

Appositional growth

Front 32

What are the 4 vital vitamins/minerals for healthy bones?

Back 32

A, C, D, hydroxyapaties

Front 33

What are the hormones that increase blood Ca levels?

Back 33

Parathyroid secretes PTH which raises blood levels of Ca Phosphate

Front 34

What are the hormones that lower blood Ca levels/secreted from?

Back 34

Thyroid secretes Calcitonin and decreases blood levels of Ca Phosphate

Front 35

What are the hormones that regulare bone homeostasis and how?

Back 35

They are - PTH, Calcitonin, and Sex hormones, growth hormones, Insulin-like growth factors

Front 36

What is the purpose of remodeling bone?

Back 36

It renews tissue before deterioration sets in, keeps bone strongest, and replaces damage due to injuries

Front 37

What is the term for longitudinal growth?

Back 37

Interstitial growth?

Front 38

Which vitamins are necessary for maintaining osteoblasts/osteoclasts activity?

Back 38

Vitamin A

Front 39

How are the kidnesy involved in maintaining healthy bones?

Back 39

They secrete access calcium

Front 40

What is the role of skin in good bone health?

Back 40

Skin produces vitamin D

Front 41

What are the steps in fracture repair?

Back 41

Fracture hematoma, soft callus formation, hard callus, remodeling

Front 42

What is an open reduction?

Back 42

Surgical intervention

Front 43

What is Paget's disease?

Back 43

Accelerated bone growth?

Front 44

What is the most common bone cancer?

Back 44

Osteosarcoma

Front 45

What is the loss of articular cartilage?

Back 45

Osteoathritis

Front 46

What is osteoporosis?

Back 46

Loss of estrogen - loss of calcium, bone gets weak

Front 47

What is OA

Back 47

Osteoathritis

Front 48

What is RA?

Back 48

Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune disease