Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

three classifications of chemical messengers

Back 1

paracrine, neurotransmitter, endocrine

Front 2

chemical messenger close in proximity but not touching, such as used for growth, clotting

Back 2

paracrine

Front 3

chemical messenger sent by a neuron

Back 3

neurotransmitter

Front 4

chemical messengers, hormones

Back 4

endocrine

Front 5

hydrophilic chemical messengers include (3)

Back 5

amino acid, amine, peptide/protein

Front 6

hydrophobic chemical messengers include

Back 6

steroids, eiconosoids

Front 7

four amino acid messengers, typically function as a neurotransmitter and are synthesized at the neuron

Back 7

glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

Front 8

amine messengers (-NH2) (4)

Back 8

calecholamines, seretonin, histamine, thyroid hormones

Front 9

most chemical messengers are _____/_______ based hormones, and are hydro_______

Back 9

protein/peptide, philic

Front 10

messengers based on cholesterol, released from the cells as they are synthesized

Back 10

steroid messengers

Front 11

hydrophobic messengers commonly used for inflammation, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes

Back 11

eicanosoids

Front 12

the problem sith hydrophobic messengers is ______
therefore, they require _____ ______ in the blood to transport them to the receptors

Back 12

they do not dissolve/move freely in the blood
require carrier molecules

Front 13

conversion of a signal/message from one form to another

Back 13

signal transduction

Front 14

the strength of attraction between a messenger and a receptor is referred to as

Back 14

affinity

Front 15

a molecule that causes a positive effect on a messenger is a/n

Back 15

agonist

Front 16

a molecule that has a negative effect, or inhibits a messenger, is called a/n

Back 16

antagonist

Front 17

the magnitude of response to a messenger is determined by (3)

Back 17

messenger concentration, number of receptors, affinity of a receptor

Front 18

two classifications of receptors (location)

Back 18

intracellular, and membrane bound

Front 19

type of messenger that generally has long term/profound effects on the body/cells

Back 19

lipophilic

Front 20

easily penetrates cell membrane, binds to receptors in cytosol or nucleus, typically direct in DNA transcription

Back 20

lipophilic messengers

Front 21

cannot move through cell membrane, must bind to a receptor on the plasma membrane

Back 21

hyrophilic messenger

Front 22

membrane bound receptors (4)

Back 22

channel linked, enzyme linked, cAMP, cGMP(g proteins)

Front 23

messenger binds, channel opens or closes, messenger never enters the cell

Back 23

channel linked

Front 24

messenger binds, enzyme is activated, reaction in the cell is catalyzed, messenger never enters the cell

Back 24

enzyme linked

Front 25

messenger binds, activates g protein receptor, g protein dissociates, alpha unit seperates and binds to another receptor in the cell

Back 25

g protein linked

Front 26

messenger binds, activates g protein, alpha subunit binds to adenylate cyclate, adenylate cyclase converts ATP > cAMP>activates a protein kinase, activates(phosphorylates) other proteins in the cell

Back 26

cAMP second messenger

Front 27

in second messenger systems, one messenger can activate 2.5 million proteins. this is called

Back 27

amplification

Front 28

a rare form of synaptic transmission

Back 28

electrical synapse

Front 29

most synapses release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic gap where it binds to a receptor, this synapse is a

Back 29

chemical synapse

Front 30

in a chemical synapse, the ______________ is bond/stored in vessicles in presynaptic cells. to release it, vessicles must bind to _____________ membranes.

Back 30

neurotransmitter, presynaptic

Front 31

in achemical synapse, when an action potential arrives, voltage gated _____ channels open causing an influx in electrical activity which binds the vessicle to the presynaptic cell membrane

Back 31

Ca2+

Front 32

fast response synapses are ____________, and slow response synapses are ___________

Back 32

ionotropic, metabotropic

Front 33

ionotropic synapses typically occur in ______ ______ receptors, quickly changing the PSP

Back 33

channel linked

Front 34

metabotropic synapses typically occur in ______ ______ receptors, causing a large, pronounced response (amplification)

Back 34

g protein linked

Front 35

___________ synapses cause the post synaptic cell to move closer to threshold (depolarize, Na+ move in), could be ionotropic or metabotropic

Back 35

excitatory

Front 36

_________ synapses cause the post synaptic cell to move further from threshold (hyperpoarize, K+ move out, Cl- move in), commonly ionotropic

Back 36

inhibitory

Front 37

a quick or repetitive stimulation at the same location

Back 37

temporal summation

Front 38

simultaneous stimulation at multiple locations

Back 38

spatial summation

Front 39

temporal and spatial summation are examples of

Back 39

neural integration

Front 40

presynaptic modulation where additional Ca+2/depolarization occurs at the presynaptic terminal, increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released

Back 40

presynaptic facilitation

Front 41

presynaptic modulation which stops input of Ca+2 at presynaptic terminal, decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter released

Back 41

presynaptic inhibition

Front 42

most common neurotransmitter in the body

Back 42

acetyl choline

Front 43

the enzyme which breaks down acetyl choline

Back 43

acetylcholinesterase

Front 44

type of receptor with 2 acetyl choline binding sites, ion channels allow Na+ and K+ to move- lots of Na+ goes into the cell > EPSP, iootropic

Back 44

nicotinic

Front 45

type of receptor with 1 acetyl choline binding site, uses a g protein, activates a channel OR enzyme, metabotropic (EPSP OR IPSP)

Back 45

muscarinic

Front 46

biogenic amines all contain ____

Back 46

-NH2

Front 47

catecholamines, dopamine, epinepherine, and norepinepherine are all ______________ ________

Back 47

biogenic amines

Front 48

epinepherine and norepinepherine have alpha and beta type of receptors called _____________ receptors

Back 48

adrenergic

Front 49

slow, metabotropic receptors for dopamine are G protein mediated

Back 49

dopaminergic

Front 50

the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of biogenic amines is

Back 50

MAO mono amine oxidase

Front 51

serotonin is specific to the _______, and histamine is specific to the __________, both of the CNS

Back 51

brainstem, hypothalamus

Front 52

ASP, GLU, GLY, and GABA are all examples of

Back 52

amino acid transmitters

Front 53

Glutamate creates an _________ response, while GABA a, b, and c, create an ___________response

Back 53

excitatory, inhibitory

Front 54

typically hormones that act on metabotropic receptors, TRH, vasopressin, and oxytocin

Back 54

neuropeptides

Front 55

NO and CO readily diffuse across the cell membrane. __ alters the activity of the proteins within the cell

Back 55

NO

Front 56

the system involved with the body sensations such as pressure, temp, pain, and body position (body-sensory)

Back 56

somatosensory system, receptors and afferent nerves

Front 57

________ ________ tranmit signals from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS, specific to the internal environment are the ________ _______

Back 57

sensory receptors, visceral receptors

Front 58

visceral receptors transmit information to the CNS by a class of neurons called

Back 58

visceral afferents

Front 59

the general senses include

Back 59

pain, pressure, proprioception, temp

Front 60

th special senses include

Back 60

sight, hearing & equilibrium, taste, scent

Front 61

what the receptor responds to, such as light, chemicals, temp, is known as the _________ __ _______

Back 61

modality of stimulus

Front 62

receptors turn a modality of stimulus into receptor (action) potential

Back 62

sensory transduction

Front 63

four steps of sensory transduction

Back 63

AP generated
Voltage gated Ca2 open
NT released from receptor
NT binds to receptors on afferent sensory nerve

Front 64

all of the receptors associated with a single sensory nerve(neuron)

Back 64

sensory unit

Front 65

since AP's are all or nothing, the intensity of AP's is determined by

Back 65

the frequency

Front 66

the ability to locate a stimulus within overlapping receptive fields is achieved by the modulating nerves dampening the AP in surrounding 1st order neurons

Back 66

presynaptic, or lateral inhibition

Front 67

receptors which detect pressure, force, vibration

Back 67

mechanoreceptors

Front 68

receptors that detect temperature changes, hot or cold

Back 68

thermoreceptors

Front 69

receptors that detect pain

Back 69

nocireceptors

Front 70

Merkels disks, meissener corpuscles, free nerve endings are ___________ mechanoreceptors, while hair follicles are ______ mechanorecptors

Back 70

superficial, deep

Front 71

warm receptors respond to temp's around ____degrees C, and cold receptors respond to temp's around ____ degrees C and below

Back 71

45, 25-113F,70F

Front 72

cold receptors perceive temp's of 45 C as ______

Back 72

pain

Front 73

nocireceptors respond to pain such as mechanical, thermal, and ____________- chemical messengers like histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins

Back 73

polymodal

Front 74

thre types of pain perception are

Back 74

slow, fast, and referred

Front 75

neural pathways involved in blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain

Back 75

endogenous analgesia systems

Front 76

modality of stimulus for vision

Back 76

photoreceptors, the absence or presence of light

Front 77

black and white is perceivecd by the ________, while color is perceived by the ________

Back 77

rods, cones

Front 78

the blind spot of the eyes is found at the

Back 78

fovea (macula lutea)

Front 79

nearsighted, farsighted, normal vision

Back 79

myopia, hyperopia, emmetropia

Front 80

phototransduction is initiated when the retinal molecule __________ is coupled to a g-protein

Back 80

rhodopsin

Front 81

four steps of dark phototransduction

Back 81

g protein activates guanylate cyclase > cGMP
cGMP opens Na+ channels
depolarization opens Ca channels
Ca entering cell releases NT

Front 82

four steps of light phototransduction

Back 82

photons of light breakdown rhodopsin
reduces activation of g protein
less cGMP > fewer Ca
fewer Ca > less NT

Front 83

hammer, anvil, and snail

Back 83

malleus, stapes, and cochlea

Front 84

the stapes pushes on the oval window causing pressure in the ________ ________ and ________ ________, which squeeze the ________ ________, and deforms the ________ _______

Back 84

scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala media, tectoral membrane

Front 85

sound shifts the ________ membrane, which flexes the______ ______, the receptors for hearing

Back 85

tectoral, hair cells(stereo cilia)

Front 86

when hair cells are flexed, mechanically gated ____ channels open or close, depending on the direction of flex

Back 86

K+

Front 87

taste chemoreceptors for sweet, salt, sour, and bitter

Back 87

molecule binds to a receptor>g protein>cAMP>amplification
Na+ enters through a Na channel
H+ binds to a K+ channel
2 possible pathways-K+ channel(ionotropic), or receptor activates g protein> amplification

Front 88

area of the sarcomere where we only see thick filament

Back 88

H zone

Front 89

area of the sarcomere where we see myosin

Back 89

A zone

Front 90

area of the sarcomere with thin filament(actin) only

Back 90

I band

Front 91

area of the sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap

Back 91

zone of overlap

Front 92

area of the sarcomere where thin filament zig zags vertically

Back 92

Z line

Front 93

area of the sarcomere with a vertical line of thick myosin filament

Back 93

M line

Front 94

protein strands which covers and prevents anything from binding to actin

Back 94

tropomyosin

Front 95

protein which "twists" the tropomyosin to expose the active sights of actin

Back 95

troponin

Front 96

________ contraction means same length, change in tension, whereas ________ means same tension, muscle length changes

Back 96

isometric, isotonic

Front 97

four steps of a twitch contraction

Back 97

stimulus, latent period, contraction, relaxation

Front 98

muscle is stimulated again before it can fully relax, each contraction gets subsequently stronger

Back 98

wave summation