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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a light dependent Reaction? |
It's where its done in light that utilize the photon energy captured to make ATP and NADPH in the process producing oxygen from water
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Whati s a light independent reaction? |
It's mainly done in the dark where it uses the product from the light dependent reaction( ATP and NADPH) and co2 + h2o to form three pentose pathways and other sugar molecules |
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What is light? |
Electromagnetic energy that we quantify in the term of photons |
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What is the eney of a photon? |
Is the plack constant x speed of light/ wavelength |
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What are pigments? |
Molecules that absorb photons |
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What do conjugated double bonds do? |
It help absorb visible wavelength photons
because the conjugation alows the electrons absorb to delocalization. |
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What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
Energy can be neither created or destroyed. |
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What are two laws of photochemistry? |
1. A molecule absorbs a single quantum of light(photon) to come excited 2. Only light that is absorb can produce a photochemical change |
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Describe what happens when a photon hit am olecule? |
Once of the electrons in the ground state, absorbs the energy of the photon where it moves it an excited state that eventually decays back to the ground state. The energy lost down to the ground state can be converted to work, light, or heat |
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What is the relationship between the energy absorb and wavelength? |
When shorter wavelengths are absorb(higher energy), excisted energy is higher |
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Compare the light emission energy versus the absorb light? |
Usually the light emission from the decay of an excited molecule comes off at a longer wavelength(llower energy) than that of an absorb light
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How can an excited state electron be removed from a pigment molecule? |
What happen is that photo absorptionis transfer to hte ereaction center where the left over pigment is positve charge and the reaction site carries an electron and that reaction site can pass over those elctron to a different one. |
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What is bacteriorhodopsin? |
It is a protein used by Archaea which is used as purple pigment where it absorb wavelength wavlength level and reflects purple It is basically when opsin proteins are bounded to retinal molecules |
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What is opsins? |
It's a membrane bound protein Type 1: prokaryotic Type 2: animal |
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What happens when you shine light on bacteriorhopdosin? |
Bassically it sends one hydrogen out causng a chemogradient . Because when light shines at the trans state, it turns into a cis state wher eit release that hydrogen to go back to the trans. Now theres a low concentration of gradient insdie and atp synthase use that gradient to form atp |
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What is rhodopsin? |
Basically its similar to bacterior but it contains cis retinal instead of trans at that its couple to a g protein |
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What are the key results of photosynthesis |
Use light energy co2 and water to get glucose and oxygen |
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What are granas? |
Stacks of thylakoids whichch are vesicles |
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What aare in the thykloids membranes? |
In the membramne of the thylakoid(lamella), have enzymes complex that help with light dependent reaction, during photosynthesis, it pumps protons into the lumen to make it acidic |
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What is the stroma? |
aqueous phase enclosed by the inner membrane that helps with carbon assimilatino reaction ( cyto basically |
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What are chlorophyill? |
They're hte pigments of plants where it can be alpha or beta, and htey are able to absorb at various wavelength in respect to each other C |
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What does chlorophyll b absorb? |
It absorbs near the blue light wavlength |
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What does chlorphyll a absorb? |
Absorb near the red light wavelength |
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What are other pigments that helps absorb photons? |
We denote these as acessory pigments that extend the range of light absorption Carotenoid such as Beta carotene and lutein, these absorbs light at wavelength chlorphyills cant Beta caroteen is red orange, and lutein is yellow |
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What are light harvesting Antanna? |
Basically the way it is arranged the pgments are fixed where when one light it ends, the elctroni s transfer among them towards teh reaction center The enery move from pigment to pigment is by resonance transfer |
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What does it mean by a charge seperation? |
1. Light shines at an antenna and that keeps transfferig to neighbor antennas. ( the enery is transferred) 2. when it finally reaches the reaction center chlorphyll, it excited an eletron 3. Then it donates the ELECTRON to a nearyby electron acceptor that is part of the chain. Now the one that donatd is electron hole because its missing an electron. Hwoever a neighbor, in the reaction center replaces one of the electrons. |
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What is FRET? |
Forster Resonance Energy transfer mechanism to describe enregy transfer between two molecules chromophores. One is in the excited state alerady and then transfer to the a ground state one. the energy transfer is inverse proportional to hte distance What they do is label each molecules of the chromophores and add species that affects hte association and then they plot it over a time graph to see how much it fluoresence in the donor and acceptor. The closer they got to each other, the more the acceptor emits seems like its causes a cascade the orientation matters as well |
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What happens to the excited state energy? |
The reaction center basically traps the enery there so later the energy can be usd to transfer an electron |
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What is the photosystem in green sulfur bacteria? |
The electron transfer from the complex goes to Quinone to bc1 complex where it connected to a proton pump to create the gradient. And the the remainder complex is used to return p840 to its original state The other pathway is that the electron can go to ferroxdin where it used in the reductase of NAD+ to make NADH |
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What is the photosystem of Purple bacteria? |
Contain a single reaction center 870. It uses phephythin to quinone to the cytochroem bc1 as carrier. Once its connected to that it ats a proton pumps and is connected to an atp synthase. The electrons flow back to the c2 back to the reaction center to its previous state |
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What is the photosysem of the chloroplast? |
It actually combines both of the photosystem of the bacteria
Purple bacteria being photosystem 2 green bacteria being photosystem 1 For photosystem 1, the thing is that it just erduces NAD+ doesnt do anything with gradient now |
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WHat is the water splitting in photosystem 2? |
The first order is that PS2 -> PS1. The whole purpose of the water is to oxidize to 1/2o2 + h+ because initially in the beginning the electron leaves the reaction center making it an electron hole (+ charge) the oxidation of water fills it with electron so the reaction can occur again |
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What is plastaquinone? |
Its a carrier similar to protein carrier |
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What is the photosytem to order in chloroplast? |
First. excitiation of the reaction center 2. Electron donated to pheophythin, making it a negative charge. reaction centre has an electron hole now 3. Pheo- pass it PQA(plastaquinone) 4. Passed it to PQB, then gets reduces to PQBH2 5. electrom from PQBH2 passes through cytochrome b6f which creates a proton gradient and goes to plastocyanin |
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What does cytochrome b6f do? |
It links PS2 and Ps1 togeher and translocate proton into the lumen
It acts like a one electron carrier similar to cytochrome c. |
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WHat is the link between b6f and ps2? |
First light excited the electron on at p700 where the electrons be transfer to a0 = electron acceptor chlorophyil where it gets oxidized by phylloquinone. THen that goes to ferrodoxin to eventually reduce nad+ Because the P700 is a strong oxidizing agent, it removes an electron from plastocyanin readily . |
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How does proton gradient come about? |
Basically, during the ps2 when pqh2 is transfer to pqh2, the cytochrome b6f is connected to a pump that pumps protons into the lumen whih results in acidification of it. Then the membrane is conneted to atp synthase that utilzie the gradient of the protons to make atp synthesis in the stroma |
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What are the functional units of the atp synthase in the chloroplast |
F1 and F0 |
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WHat is the f1 functional unit? |
Soluble complex in the matrix that catalyze the hydrolysis of atp
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What is the f0 functional unit? |
Integral membrane complex tha transport protons from IMS to to matrix dissipate the proton gradient Energy transfered to F1 to catalyze the phosphorylation of adp |
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What is the endosymbiotic theory? |
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplast came from bacteria The bacterial cytosol became the mitochondra matrix and the chloroplast stroma |
