Lecture 16- Innate Immunity

Front 1

What organs are associated with immune function?

Back 1

primary: thymus and bone marrow

secondary: Waldeyer ring (lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids), bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, peyer patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, lamina propria, urogenital lymphoid tissue

Front 2

Inert vs. Adaptive responses

Back 2

inert does not require recognition of antigens

Front 3

What is the first line of defense in innate immunity?

Back 3

barriers that shield interior of body from external surroundings

Front 4

2 examples of anatomical barriers

Back 4

skin

mucous membranes

Front 5

Anatomical barriers provide _____ _____.

Back 5

physical separation

Front 6

Membranes are bathed in _____ _____.

Back 6

antimicrobial secretions

Front 7

What is the purpose of membranes covered with mucous?

Back 7

help wash surfaces

Front 8

Some mucous membranes have mechanisms to _____ microorganisms and viruses to areas where they can be _____.

Back 8

propel

eliminated

Front 9

Mucous membranes line what 3 tracts?

Back 9

digestive tract

respiratory tract

genitourinary tract

Front 10

What is the most difficult barrier to penetrate?

Back 10

skin

Front 11

2 main layers of skin

Back 11

dermis

epidermis

Front 12

What makes the dermis extremely tough?

Back 12

tightly woven fibrous connective tissues

Front 13

The epidermis is composed of many layers of _____ _____.

Back 13

epithelial cells

Front 14

As cells in the epidermis reach the surface they become increasingly _____.

Back 14

flat

Front 15

The outermost sheets of cells in the epidermis are embedded with _____.

Back 15

keratin

Front 16

What function does keratin serve?

Back 16

makes the skin water repellent

Front 17

What happens to the microbes when outer layers of skin are sloughed off?

Back 17

the microbes are sloughed off too

Front 18

Both the skin and mucous membranes are protected by variety of _____ _____.

Back 18

antimicrobial substances

Front 19

4 types of antimicrobial substances

Back 19

lysozyme

peroxidase

lactoferrin

defensins

Front 20

lysozymes

Back 20

enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan

Front 21

Where are lysozymes found?

Back 21

tears, saliva, blood, and phagocytes

Front 22

peroxidase

Back 22

breaks down hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen

Front 23

Where is peroxidase found?

Back 23

saliva, body tissues, and phagocytes

Front 24

lactoferrin

Back 24

sequesters iron from microorganisms

Front 25

What is the importance of iron?

Back 25

it is essential for microbial growth

Front 26

Where is lactoferrin found?

Back 26

saliva, some phagocytes, blood, and tissue fluids

Front 27

defensins

Back 27

antimicrobial peptides inserted into microbial membrane

Front 28

Where are defensins found?

Back 28

on mucous membranes and in phagocytes

Front 29

What is not technically a part of the immune system but provides significant protection?

Back 29

normal microbiota

Front 30

How does normal microbiota provide protection?

Back 30

through competitive exclusion

Front 31

Normal microbiota covers _____ _____ and competes for _____.

Back 31

binding sites

nutrients

Front 32

3 general categories of blood cells in the immune system

Back 32

red blood cells

platelets

white blood cells

Front 33

red blood cells

Back 33

aka erythrocytes

carry oxygen in the blood

Front 34

platelets

Back 34

fragments of megakaryocytes

important component in blood clotting

Front 35

white blood cells

Back 35

aka leukocytes

important in host defenses

divided into 4 categories

Front 36

4 categories of white blood cells

Back 36

granulocytes

dendritic cells

mononuclear phagocytes

lymphocytes

Front 37

granulocytes

Back 37

contain cytoplasmic granuals

include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Front 38

neutrophils

Back 38

most abundant and important in innate response

sometimes called polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs)

account for most of the circulating leukocytes

few in tissues except during inflammation

phagocytize and digest engulfed materials

Front 39

eosinophils

Back 39

few in tissues except in certain types of inflammation and allergies

participate in inflammatory reaction and immunity to some parasites

Front 40

basophils; mast cells

Back 40

circulation; most tissues

release histamine and other inflammation-inducing chemicals from the granules (involved in allergic reaction)

Front 41

dendritic cells

Back 41

initially in tissues, but they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs (such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, appendix, tonsils)

gather antigen from the tissues and then bring it to lymphocytes that congregate in the secondary lymphoid organs

act as a scout for tissues; engulf material in tissue and bring it to cells of adaptive immunity

Front 42

mononuclear phagocytes

Back 42

constitute collection of phagocytic cells called the mononuclear phagocyte system

include monocytes and macrophages

Front 43

monocytes

Back 43

in circulation; they differentiate into either macrophages or dendritic cells when they migrate into tissue

phagocytize and digest engulfed materials

Front 44

macrophages

Back 44

present in virtually all tissues; abundant in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, and peritoneal cavity

given various names based on the tissue in which they are found

phagocytize and digest engulfed materials

Front 45

lymphocytes

Back 45

include B and T lymphocytes as well as natural killer cells

in lymphoid organs (such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, appendix, tonsils); also in circulation

participate in adaptive immune responses

Front 46

natural killer cells

Back 46

lack specificity of B and T cells

Front 47

What must the cell do in order for the immune system to respond?

Back 47

cells must communicate with the environment and with each other

Front 48

Cell surface receptors act as the _____ and _____ of the cell.

Back 48

eyes

ears

Front 49

What are considered the voice of the cell?

Back 49

cytokines

Front 50

What act as the hands of the cell?

Back 50

adhesion molecules

Front 51

surface receptors

Back 51

membrane proteins to which signal molecules bind

Front 52

Surface receptors are _____ to the molecules to which they bind.

Back 52

specific

Front 53

Binding molecules are called _____.

Back 53

ligands

Front 54

What happens to the surface receptor once the ligand binds?

Back 54

it becomes modified and sends signal to the cell

Front 55

How does the cell respond to this signal?

Back 55

it initiates some action

Front 56

cytokines

Back 56

bind to surface receptors and regulate cell function

Front 57

5 types of cytokines

Back 57

chemokines

colony stimulating factors

interferons

interleukins

tumor necrosis factor

Front 58

Chemokines are important in chemotaxis; they enhance the ability of cells to _____ to the appropriate _____ in the body.

Back 58

migrate

site

Front 59

Colony stimulating factors are important in multiplication and differentiation of _____.

Back 59

leukocytes

Front 60

During immune response, colony stimulating factors direct immature leukocytes to the correct _____ _____.

Back 60

maturation pathway

Front 61

Interferons are important in the control of _____ _____.

Back 61

viral infections

Front 62

Interferons are also associated with _____ _____.

Back 62

inflammatory response

Front 63

Interleukins are produced by _____.

Back 63

leukocytes

Front 64

Interleukins are important in _____ and _____ immunity.

Back 64

innate

adaptive

Front 65

Tumor necrosis factor kills _____ _____.

Back 65

tumor cells

Front 66

Tumor necrosis factor is instrumental in the initiation of _____.

Back 66

inflammation

Front 67

adhesion molecules

Back 67

allow cells to adhere to each other

Front 68

Adhesion molecules are responsible for the recruitment of _____ to the area of injury.

Back 68

phagocytes

Front 69

What produce adhesion molecules that catch phagocytes as they pass by?

Back 69

epithelial cells lining the blood vessel

Front 70

The adhesion molecules cause phagocytes to _____ _____ and leak out of vessels to the site of injury.

Back 70

slow down

Front 71

2 types of pattern recognition receptors

Back 71

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

NOD proteins

Front 72

TLRs allow cells to _____ molecules, signifying the presence of microbes _____ the cell.

Back 72

see

outside

Front 73

TLRs are found in a variety of _____ _____.

Back 73

cell types

Front 74

TLRs recognize distinct _____ _____.

Back 74

danger compounds

Front 75

Once the danger compound is recognized, a signal is transmitted and results in a change in _____ _____ of the cell.

Back 75

gene expression

Front 76

What is one difference between TLRs and NOD proteins?

Back 76

NOD proteins operate inside the cell

Front 77

What is the complement system?

Back 77

a series of proteins circulating in blood and fluids

Front 78

The proteins in the complement system circulate in the _____ form.

Back 78

inactive

Front 79

The complement system augment _____ of the adaptive immune response.

Back 79

activities

Front 80

The stimulation of inactive proteins initiates a cascade of reactions, which results in rapid _____ of components.

Back 80

activation

Front 81

3 pathways of activation

Back 81

alternative pathway

lectin pathway

classical pathway

Front 82

The complement system is composed of _____ proteins that are numbered in order of _____.

Back 82

nine

discovery

Front 83

Certain proteins split into _____ and _____ fragments after activation.

Back 83

a

b

Front 84

C3 will split into C3a and C3b to ensure that there is enough C3b for activation of the _____ _____.

Back 84

alternative pathway

Front 85

3 outcomes of the activation of complement

Back 85

inflammation

opsonization

lysis of foreign cells