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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is blood flow to skeletal muscle effected by the Sympathetic Nervous System? |
Blood flow to skeletal muscle is increased by activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System. |
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The phrenic nerves are associated with what muscle? |
The thoracic diaphragm. |
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The vagus nerve splits into what 3 neural networks? |
The cardiac plexus, the pulmonary plexus, and esophageal plexus. |
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There are how many pairs of spinal nerves? |
31 |
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What drug is a parasympathetic antagonist, blocks acetylcholine, and is used to treat nerve gas (eg. Sarin) poisoning? |
Atropine |
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The pupil in this image is indicative of innervation by which division of the Autonomic Nervous System? |
The parasympathetic division. |
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Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves 10 originate in the brainstem. Where the the 2 other pairs arise from? |
The forebrain. |
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Every spinal nerve divides into 3 branches. Name them. |
The dorsal ramus, the ventral ramus, and the meningeal branch. |
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What ANS disorder is the person likely suffering from? |
Raynaud's Disease or Syndrome. |
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The tear glands, salivary glands, and nasal glands are regulated by what nerve? |
The facial nerve (VII). |
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Define a dermatome. |
A dermatome is a specific area of skin from which every spinal nerve except C1 receives sensory input. Dermatomes can overlap each other by up to 50%. |
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Trauma to the lower spine, hip, or thigh can result in this common form of nerve pain. |
Sciatica. |
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Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic disease that attacks what tissue specifically and in what nervous system |
Schwann cells in the PNS |
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The highlighted areas in this diagram contain sensory nerve fibers that are associated a Cranial Nerve. Please give its name and #. |
Trigeminal Nerve (V) |
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The lumbar plexus arises from L1-L4 and innervates what 3 main areas (hint: the areas are mostly skeletal muscle). |
The thigh, the abdominal wall, and the psoas muscle. |
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Hirschsprung Disease is associated with the incomplete development of what nervous system during the embryonic stage? |
The enteric nervous system. |
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Relative to blood pressure, why do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS generally work simultaneously and in concert rather than one at a time. |
The sympathetic division maintains enough muscle tone in the blood vessels to sustain a basal level of blood pressure, even when the parasympathetic division is dominant. Without this compromise, blood pressure would crash and the patient would go into shock. |
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Define Hilton's Law |
"Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint." |
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Name the structure connected to the blank black box. |
Filaments of Olfactory Nerve (I) |
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Name the two main systems depicted in this diagram as well as the system they both fall under. |
The parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The both fall under the autonomic nervous system. |
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Name three degrees of movement that make the humeroscapular joint the most freely moveable joint in the body
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flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial rotation/lateral rotation
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What makes the hip such a stable joint?
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There is a large muscle mass surrounding the joint, the acetabulum has a deep depression securing the head of the femur in the joint.
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The _____ in the knee is analogous to the labrum in the shoulder
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meniscus
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How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis?
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OA results from years of joint wear, tear, and repeated damage of the joint which breaks down the connective tissue. RA is an autoimmune disease and attacks the joint membrane, thinking it is a foreign object which in result breaks down the articular cartilage of the joint.
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Name five purposes of bone
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1. To form stiff structures in the body 2. To provide strength to the structures 3. To permit muscles to generate movement at joints 4. To store calcium 5. To perform haematopoesis
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What is the area between the yield point and fracture point called? And what is its significance?
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It is the plastic slope. At this point the bone would no longer spring back into shape and will eventually break at the fracture point.
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Name the four shapes of bones and give an example of each
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1. Long bones, which are longer than they are wide. The tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, humerus and femur. 2. Short bones like the carpals and tarsals. 3. Flat bones like the scapula, sternum, and three major structures of the cranium, the frontal/parietal/occipital bones. 4. Irregular bones, the vertebra and sphenoid.
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What are two similarities between the structure of long bones and flat bones?
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They both have an outer layer of strong compact bone superior to spongy bone and bone marrow.
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What is the intermediate type of cell between osteogenic cell and osteocytes? And what is its function?
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Osteoblasts are responsible for mineralizing the organic matter of matrix. They are formed from osteogenic cells and become osteocytes once they are trapped in the matrix that they have formed.
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What is released by osteoclasts? What effect does it have on the bone?
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Hydrochloric acid is released and causes the formed calcium to return to solution and is then reabsorbed.
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What percent of the dry weight in bone is collagen and water?
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Collagen and water, the organic components of bone account for one third of the bones weight. The other two thirds is inorganic matter, calcium hydroxyapatite crystals.
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How are the fibers in bone arranged? What is the reason for this orientation?
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The fibers are packed in alternating directions that allows the bone to resist compression and tensile forces. It doesn’t however do well with torsion forces.
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What is the notable change in bone marrow as you age?
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It begins as think red marrow when you are young and degenerates as you age turning to a yellow color with a gelatinous consistency.
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How do tendons and ligaments differ in function?
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Tendons connect muscle to bone and have an elastic, spring like function, stretching ten percent of their resting length. Ligaments connect bone to bone and have limited elasticity to control joint movement.
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What type of bone formation is this and what’s its significance? |
Endochondral Ossification. It allows for the long bones to form overtime at a rate consistent with other bones in the body. |
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What is the name of this section of bone? What is itssignificance? |
It is the metaphysis which allows the body to grow and function at the same time. |
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Which law can be identified by this illustration? What does this law describe? |
Wolf’s law states that bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. The orientation of the bone illustrated here has been formed in the direction in which force has been applied. |
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Whatare these fractures called and what is the major difference between them? |
The left is a non-displaced fracture as opposed to the right which is displaced. The two ends of the non-displaced fracture are still in anatomical alignment; however, the displaced tibia/fibula fracture will need to be manipulated and mechanically set for it to heal. |
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What does this picture illustrate? What effectdoes it have on the body? |
This picture represents muscle spasm in the hands which can be caused by hypocalcemia. This ion imbalance is caused by a deficiency of blood calcium and can be very serious causing excitability in the nervous system, normally beginning in the hands and feet and later traveling to other muscle groups. |
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What is occurring here? Name a few of the majorrisk factors that cause this to occur? |
This is osteoporosis which occurs when bone resorption occurs at a faster rate then bone deposition. Risk factors for osteoporosis include 1) lower levels of estrogen, normally caused by menopause 2) lack of exercise as exercise lowers rate of resorption 3) Low calcium intake 4) smoking 5) genetics 6) pregnancy. |
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What do oligodendrocytes produce? |
Myelin sheaths |
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What are the most abundant and versatile glial cells? |
Astrocytes |
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Is the motor division of the PNS controlled by afferent neurons or efferent neurons? |
Efferent neurons |
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Is the sensory division of the PNS controlled by afferent neurons or efferent neurons? |
Afferent neurons |
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Name the two principal cell types that make up nervous tissue. |
1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia |
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Name the two glial cells found in the PNS. |
1. Satellite Cells 2. Schwann Cells |
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Name the four glial cells found in the CNS. |
1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal Cells 4. Oligodendrocytes |
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What are changes in membrane potential that are confined to a relatively small region of the plasma membrane called? |
Graded potentials |
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A reversal of the membrane potential polarity. |
Overshoot |
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This describes the membrane when the potential is more negative than the resting level. |
Hyperpolarized |
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What pump maintains the resting membrane potential of a neuron? |
The sodium potassium pump |
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Is the opening of voltage-gated channels a positive or negative feedback loop? |
Positive |
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Which has a refractory period: graded potential or action potential? |
Action Potential |
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What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter? |
Glutamate |
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What are the two main inhibitory neurotransmitters? |
GABA and Glycine |
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At which point does the membrane return to its resting value? |
E. |
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At which point is the membrane brought to threshold voltage by a depolarizing stimulus? |
A. |
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Explain what is happening at point C. |
Outward current through open voltage-gated K+ channels repolarizes the membrane back to a negative potential. |
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What does the jump in the green graph on the left represent? |
Depolarization |
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What does the dip in the pink graph on the right represent? |
Hyperpolarization |
