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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical Conditioning -AKA- Respondent Conditioning -AKA- Pavlovian Conditioning |
a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli respond to the dinner bell in the same way that they respond to the food - with salvation |
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unconditioned response |
a response that occurs naturally salivation with food |
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unconditioned stimulus |
the stimulus that naturally evoked the unconditioned response food is the unconditioned stimulus as it naturally causes salivation |
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conditioned stimulus |
the stimulus that the dogs learned to associate with food |
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conditioned response |
by pairing the tone and food, the dogs were conditioned to respond to the tone in the same way that they respond to food usually the same as, or similar to, the unconditioned response |
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Spontaneous recovery |
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence |
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stimulus generalization |
* the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus
* stimulus generalization happens most often when the new stimulus resembles the original conditioned stimulus |
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stimulus discrimination |
the tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus |
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Operant conditioning |
a type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences "cause and effect" |
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Reinforcement |
delivery of a consequence that increases the likelihood that a response will occur |
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Positive reinforcement |
* the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often
* positive means adding a stimulus |
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Negative reinforcement |
* the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often
* negative means removing a stimulus |
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Punishment |
the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur |
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Positive punishment |
the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often. |
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Negative punishment |
the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often. |
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Primary reinforcers |
Are naturally satisfying, such as * food * water * caresses |
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Secondary reinforcers -AKA- conditioned reinforcers |
Are satisfying because they are associated with primary reinforcers and can include such things as: * money * fast cars * good grades |
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Primary punishers |
Are naturally unpleasant, such as: * pain* freezing temperatures |
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Secondary punishers -AKA- Conditioned punishers |
Are unpleasant because they are associated with primary punishers and can include such things as: * failing grades* social disapproval |
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Shaping |
a procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response |
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Reinforcement schedules |
* the pattern in which reinforcement is given over time
* can be continuous or intermittent |
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continuous reinforcement |
provides reinforcement every time a particular response occurs |
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intermittent reinforcement -AKA- partial reinforcement |
reinforcement are provided on only some of the occasions on which the response occurs |
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fixed-ratio schedule |
reinforcement happens after a set number of responses |
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variable-ratio schedule |
reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses |
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fixed-interval schedule |
reinforcement happens after a set amount of time |