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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Learning |
A relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from experience. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Formation of associations between two stimuli that are normally unrelated |
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Association |
The pairing of 2 stimuli to produce a similar response. Eg. Pairing food with a bell to produce salivation |
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Stimulus |
Anything in the environment to which one responds to. |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
A stimulus that elicits a response without previous conditioning. |
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Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
A response to a UCS that occurs without previous conditioning. |
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Neutral Stimulus (NS) |
Does not naturally elicit a response. |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
A previous neutral stimulus through repeated pairings with a UCS, now caused a conditioned response. |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
A learned response/ reaction to a CS that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with a UCS. |
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Phases of Learning: Acquisition |
The initial learning of the stimulus - response link (S - R link) Involves a NS being associated with a UCS and then becoming a CS that elicits the CR. |
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Phases of Learning: Performance |
The CS produces the CR without the UCS |
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Phases of Learning : Extinction |
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a previously CR in the absence of the UCS. |
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Stimulus Generalisation |
When stimulus similar to the original CS trigger the same CR. Eg. Similar bell sounds still produce salivation. |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
An ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli Eg. Different sounds so not produce salivation. |
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Contiguity |
The connectedness in time and space between two stimuli. Eg. The bell (CS) begins just before the food powder (UCS) |
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Contingency |
The predictability of the occurrence if one stimulus from the presence of another. Eg. Can predict food powder (UCS) from the presence of a bell (CS) because they co-occur frequently. |
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Operant Conditioning |
Learning in which voluntary behaviour is strengthened or diminished, depending on the nature of the consequence that follow it. |
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ABC |
Antecedent (cue) which evokes a voluntary behaviour which in turn is followed by a consequence. Voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences. |
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Reinforcement |
Strengthens the response Make it more likely to occur (increase frequency) |
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Punishment |
Weakens the response. Makes it less likely to occur (decrease frequency) Adding an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour A pleasant stimulus is removed after a behaviour |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour |
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Negative Reinforcement |
An unpleasant stimulus is removed by a behaviour |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
Every desired response is reinforced |
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Partial reinforcement |
Some, but not all desired responses are reinforced. - ratio schedules - interval schedules
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Ratio Schedules |
Makes a response a certain number of times before the presentation if a reinforcer (response based) |
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Interval Schedules |
Requires a time period to pass before the presentation of a reinforcer (time based) - fixed interval - variable interval |
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Fixed Interval |
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time has elapsed. Eg. Wages paid weekly |
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Variable Interval |
Reinforcement occurs at different intervals. The interval (time) varies. Eg. Surfing or fishing - fixed ratio - variable ratio |
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Fixed Ratio |
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. Eg. $1000 bonus after selling 10 cars or fruit picking. |
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Variable Ratio |
Reinforcement after a variable number of responses. Eg. Poker machines |
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Shaping |
Learn by reinforcing successive approximations leading to final goal/response. |
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Learned Helplessness |
A tendency to give up after any effort to control the environment |
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Differences: Classical |
Behaviour is determined primarily by what precedes it (the stimulus) This behaviour is called "responded" behaviour. Eg. Behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus |
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Differences |
The behaviour is primarily determined by what follows KY. This behaviour is called "operant" behaviour. Eg. Behaviour that operates on the environment producing consequences. |
