Learning

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Introduction

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Important forces that makes us who we are i.e. learning is essential for our well being and survival.

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Learning

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any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experiences.

It includes biological changes that change our behavior.

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Classical Conditioning

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Learning by association (Ivan Pavlov).

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Neural Stimulus (NS)

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one that initially doesn't release a respond; innate reaction.

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Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

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stimulus that can elicit a response without any learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
any natural response ex: salivation

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Ex: when your pet sees you they come to you.
the stimulus is you.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
Ex: when your dog sees you they immediately salivate because they know it's time for snack or lunch.

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Classical Conditioning

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form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response that is identical to or very similar to the unconditioned response.
Ex: paring by association of two things. Ex: seeing you will lead to the dog to salivate even if you don't have food or snack for them.

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Counter Conditioning

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eliminating the classical conditioning by pairing the conditioned stimulus w/ an unconditioned stimulus for a response that is stronger than the conditioned response and that cannot occur at the same time as the Conditioned Response.

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Importance of Classical Conditioning

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it plays a role in our health, fears and phobias that may be dangerous.

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Operant Conditioning

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learning from the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.

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Edward Thorndike

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Positive Reinforcement

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increase in the likelihood that the behavior will happen again; consequences are positive.
Ex: you sitting next to a cute girl/guy who talks to you; you will most likely sit every time there again.

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Operant Response

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increase due to positive reinforcement.

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Elements in Positive Reinforcement

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1) timing – immediately give positive reinforcement for it to work.
2) consistency – reinforce every time you see the behavior; learning is faster.

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Types of Positive Reinforcement:

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Schedules of Positive Reinforcement

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1) Fixed Ratio Schedule
2) Variable Ratio Schedule
3) Fixed Interval Schedule
4) Variable Interval Schedule

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

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Fixed Ratio – Reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given only after a SPECIFIED # of RESPONSES.

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Variable Ratio Schedule

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Variable Ratio – reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a VARYING # of RESPONSES have been MADE.

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Fixed Interval Schedule

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Fixed Interval:
reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given the following the FIRST RESPONSE occurring after a PREDETERMINED PERIOD OF TIME.

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Variable Interval Schedule

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reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given the following the FIRST RESPONSE occurring after a VARIABLE AMOUNT OF TIME.

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Successive Approximation

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reinforcing to get to a specified response.
Ex: clapping when the child picks up one toy from the floor. the desired outcome is for the child to do it until he/she picks up everything and puts it in it's correct place.

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Shaping

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rewarding successive approximation.
EX: buying a new toy for the child.

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Negative Reinforcement

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removal of something negative.

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How to acquire Negative Reinforcement?

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1) Escape something negative or unpleasant.
Ex: putting a child in "time out" and they whine before 5 minutes is up and you comply then they escape something (reflecting on their behavior) negative.

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Another way to acquire Negative Reinforcement:

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2) Avoid something negative or unpleasant.
Ex: your route has many pit bulls and you fear them so you find a new route.
& when you get a bad grade you hide it to not get scolding or ground.

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Punishment

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negative consequence of a behavior which leads to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that produces it.

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Dangers of Punishment

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1) reinforcing for the punisher.
2) generalize inhibiting effect on the individual
3) learn to dislike the punisher and react aggressively toward that person.
4) not always effective in punishing the behavior 5) doesn't teach how to act appropriately.