Language Of Music (Baroque Period)

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When was the Baroque period?

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1600-1750; 17th Century

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What is used during the Baroque Period that was introduced from the last century?

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Polyphony is kept from the last century; imitation is more introduced in the Baroque Period

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Fugue

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Polyphonic composition based on one main theme or subject

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Episode

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Transitional sections which offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject

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Subject

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One main theme

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Countersubject

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In a fugue, a melodic idea that accompanies the subject fairly constantly

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Voices

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Number of polyphonic parts; Most common are 3 and 4

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Ritornello form

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Compositional form usually employed in the baroque concerto gross, in which the orchestra plays a ritornello, or refrain, alternating with one or more soloists playing new material

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Ritornello

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In Italian, means refrain; a repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra in baroque compositions

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Soloconcerto

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A piece for a single soloist and an orchestra

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Concerto

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Extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually in three movements: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) fast

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Concerto grosso

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Composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra; common in late baroque music
EX.) Bradenburg Concerto #5

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Plot

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Details of the story

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Aria

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Song for solo voice with instrumental accompaniment, usually expressing an emotional state through its outpouring of melody; has rhythm and meter

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Recitative

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Vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech, often serving to lead into an aria

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Opera

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Drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment, usually a large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, costumes, and scenery

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Baroque Music: Unity of Mood

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Usually expresses one basic mood
EX.) what begins joyful will stay joyful

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Baroque Music: Rhythm

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Has a continuity of rhythm; patterns heard in the beginning are heard throughout

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Baroque Music: Melody

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Feeling of continuity is created

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Baroque Music: Dynamics

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The level of volume tends to stay fairly constant for a stretch of time

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Baroque Music: Texture

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Predominately polyphonic; imitation between various lines or 'voices'; however, NOT ALL late baroque music is predominately polyphonic

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Terraced Dynamics

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Abrupt alternation between loud and soft dynamic levels; characteristic of baroque music

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Cantata

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Means of musical expression in the Lutheran service; means a piece that is sung; composition in several movements, usually written for chorus, one or more vocal soloists, and instrumental ensemble. The church cantata for the Lutheran service in Germany during the baroque period includes mostly chorales

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Oratorio

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Large scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra usually set to a narrative text, but without acting, scenery, or costumes; often based on biblical stories- not usually intended for religious services

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Chorale

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Hymn tune; main idea of a cantata; easy to sing and remember, having only one note to a syllable and moving in a steady rhythm

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How is Cantata similar to an Opera?

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The use of Aria and Recitative

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How is Oratorio similar to an Opera?

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It tells a story and the use of aria and recitative

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CANTATA AND ORATORIO:
CANTATA

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1.) Used for Lutheran services (sacred and Liturgical)
2.) Shorter
3.) German
4.) Sacred and based on religious prayers- doesn't tell a story
5.) Chorus is present but not as much

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CANTATA AND ORATORIO:
ORATORIO

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1.) Not usually intended to be used for religious services (sacred but not liturgical)
2.) Longer
3.) English
4.) Narrative- tells a story
5.) Designed as a choral genre
6.) Has a narrator (vocal soloist) using recitative to tell us whats happening in the story