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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Words |
★words that convey information have cognitive meaning ★words that express or evoke feelings have emotive meaning(ስድብ/አድናቆት) |
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Term and value claim |
★a Term serves as the subject of a statement it includes common noun,proper noun and descriptive phrases like the author of Ulysses,the worst student in class ★A value claim is a claim that something is good, bad, right, wrong. OR better, worse, more important or less important than something else. |
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Disputes |
★factual dispute:different opinions ★verbal dispute:language misunderstanding :a'm'biguous: having more than 1 distinct meanings like bank(bank of a river or bank for money),race :vague: bordeline cases,hazy&imprecise Ex how rich is rich,how tall is tall |
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Cognitive meaning of terms |
★Intentional:character(connotation) ★extentional:example(denotation) Empty extension:non existent examples like flying elephants ★#bin# increasing intention is from broad to specific ★⬆intention=⬇extention and viseversa |
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Defination:definiendum(to be defined)&definiens(does the defining) |
Types(purposes) of a defination #split# ★stipulative defination:assigns a meaning to a word for the first time ✔Neither true nor false Ex choodle means a cross between a chihuahua and a poodle. ★persuasive:define ሲያረገው ጥሩነቱን ወይ መጥፎነቱን አብሮ ያሳያል ★percising:⬇vagueness,percising is not arbitrary like stipulative ★lexical:dictionary defination 1,2,3(different meanings of a single word➡used to eliminate ambiguity) ✔The best defination,it can be said true or false ★theoretical:scientific+non dictionary |
#split# |
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Intentional and extentional definations |
★extensional :demonstrative(ostensive):pointing to them :enumerative:proper noun :defination by sub'c'lass:common noun ★intentional :synonyms:both definens and definindum are single word :genius and difference:ሁለት በጣም ተመሳሳይ የሆኑ ነገሮች + a difference;genius(larger class)&species(smaller class) :etymological:a words ancesstory :operational:a substance/thing is ..... If this procedure is fullfilled |
#sudden# #geso# |
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Criteria for lexical defination |
★should not be broad(to much definiens) or narrow(too little definiens) ★should not be -ve when it can be +ve(affirmative) ★should avoid circularity Ex silence means the state of being silent ★should not be figurative(ቅኔ) and obscure(hidden) ★not have affective terminology (not play on the emotions of the reader) |
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Fallacies |
★formal fallacies occur in the form(structure) of the argument,syllogisms ★informal fallacies occur in the information(content) of the argument.(የምናጠናው) |
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Fallacies of relevance(when the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion)#ma⁵rs# |
★m'i'ssing the point(ignorantio elenti):ከpremisኦቹ ጋር የማይገናኝ conclusion: ★appeal to force(ad-boqulum):threat(ማስፈራራት) which could be physical or psychological: ★appeal to pitty:ልመና: ★appeal to the people(adpopulum) direct: addresing a crowd and creating a mob mentality,uses words like ladies and gentleman ★Appeal to the people indirect(to a single or few individuals ✔Snobbery:selected/choosen ones or elites are doing it so you should it ✔bandwagon:all(most) people are doing it so you should do it ✔Vanity:famous people are doing it so you should do it ★arguments against the person(adhominum) always involves 2 arguers ,the 1st arguer says something,the second arguer attacks the person rather than the idea ⚫abusive:ስድብ ⚫circumstantial:you are biased: ⚫tu-quoque:your talk and action are opposite so your talk is invalid ★accident:using a general rule in exeptions where it doesn't apply: ★red hearing:changing the subject: ★strawman: always uses 2 arguers misinterpretation,distortion or ማጋነን of someones argument
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Fallacies of weak induction:when the premises provide a tiny bit of support to the conclusion but its not enough:#wishfull# s+l from last sl |
★weak analogy(የማይመስል comparison) uses the word Like ★appeal to ignorance:no body has proven she can't so she can Exception❶when a prosecutor fails to prove guilt ❷when a qualified investigator searches for something and fails to find it ★slipery slope: insignificant event➾ chain of events➾disaster ★hasty generalization:when conclusion is made from an atypical sample(too small and not randomly selected) |
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Cont... |
★false cause ✔post-hoc-ergoproptor-hoc:two things are related just because they occur one after the other ✔noncausa-procausa:choosing the wrong cause or 2 things are related just because they occur over the same interval of time. Example Every time I go to sleep, the sun goes down. Therefore, my going to sleep causes the sun to set ✔oversimplified cause:ለአንድ ነገር ብዙ causeኦች እያሉ አንዱን ብቻ መርጠን እንደ ብቸኛ cause መውሰድ ✔gamblers cause:to say events in a game of chance are causely connected. ★Appeal to unqualified authority :የማይመለከተው ሰው የሰጠውን አስተያየት እንደ proof መውሰድ |
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Fallacies of presumption#ABC²D²E²# |
♦Amphiboly(ambiguity):በgrammer/punctuation error ምክንያት the whole statment can be interpreted in more than 1 ways. When the arguer evaluates others argument ♦begging the question(no evidence the evidence is the argument itself) ✔Reasonning in a circle(restating the conclusion as a premise),leaving out a key premise. ♦Complex questions ብዙ ጥያቄዎችን እንደ አንድ ጥያቄ ማቅረብ Ex have you always been this insensitive? Yes(insensetivity) No(past insensetivity) ♦Com'p'osition: part to whole ♦division:whole to part ♦False dichotomy: Presents 2 unlikely options as if they are the only ones available ✔Always involves either or atleast በድብቅ ♦Equivocation:Meaning of a word changes within a single argument. Ex መጀመሪያ fan እንደ አድናቂ ከዛደሞ እንደ ማሽን By the arguer himself ♦suppresed evidence
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What is an argument |
★an argument can only be constructed by using a statment(proposition) ★an argument always tries to prove something:it has exactly 1 conclusion and atleast 1 premise ⚫premise(factual claim):is a statement that provides support(evidence) for the conclusion ⚫the conclusion:is the statement that follows from the evidences(premises) |
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Premise and conclusion indicators |
★premise indicators#bigsofa# Because,in that,given that,since,owing to,for,as ★conclusion indicators hence,whence,thus,implies that,entails that,we may infer,as a result ⚫Since WW2,for 20 years:in this cases since & for are not indicators ⚫In arguments with no indicators the 1st statment is often the conclusion |
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