Lab Practical

Front 1

Chromophore

Back 1

The ion that is colored

Front 2

Basic stain

Back 2

Cation (+ion) is colored therefore binds the negative charges on the surface of microbes

Front 3

Acid stains

Back 3

Anion (-ion)is colored therefore repels negative charges like bacterial capsules

Front 4

Direct staining

Back 4

Stains the cell wall

Front 5

Procedure of direct staining

Back 5

Smear, Air dry, fix, stain, rinse, dry, view at 1000x

Front 6

Fixing

Back 6

Adheres the cell to a slide for a staining procedure, heat or alcohol

Front 7

Methylene blue

Back 7

What stain is used for 60 seconds in direct staining procedure?

Front 8

Crystal violet

Back 8

Direct Stain:

What stain is used after methylene blue for 10 seconds?

Front 9

Coccus

Back 9

Sphere shaped

Front 10

Bacillus

Back 10

Rod shape

Front 11

Spirillum

Back 11

Spiral

Front 12

Diplo-

Back 12

Arrangement

Meaning: Pairs

Front 13

Staphylo-

Back 13

Arrangment:

Cluster

Front 14

Strepto-

Back 14

Arrangement: chain

Front 15

Indirect stain

Back 15

Type of staining: Stains the background of a slide, not the cell wall and capsule

Front 16

Indirect staining procedure

Back 16

Stain, smear, drag, air dry, view at 1000x

Front 17

Nigrosin

Back 17

Stain utilized for indirect staining.

Front 18

Gram-Positive cell wall

Back 18

Plasma membrane, a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and teichoic acid

Front 19

Gram-negative cell wall

Back 19

Has: Plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan cell wall and outer membrane of Lipopolysaccharides

Front 20

Gram stain is a differential stain because

Back 20

It differentiates between two types of cells gram-positive and gram-negative

Front 21

Nigrosin

Back 21

indirect staining stains background an not cell wall. Stain name:

Front 22

Gram’s Iodine

Back 22

Mordant; traps die within cells; chemical that combines with the die to trap it within the cell

Front 23

Acetone/alcohol mixture

Back 23

Decolorizing agent; decolorizer Graham negative cells because the cell membrane is thin

Front 24

Saffranin (basic dye)

Back 24

Counterstain; stains the cells that were decolorized

Front 25

KOH Lysis Test

Back 25

Not a stain, secondary test for gram-positive versus gram-negative.

Front 26

KOH Lysis Test: Gram-positive

Back 26

Resistant to KOH, retaining DNA therefore not vicious

Front 27

KOH Lysis Test:

———-Gram-negative

Back 27

Sensitive to KOH, DNA release therefore vicious

Front 28

Endospores are:

Back 28

Produced by certain gram-positive bacteria

Front 29

Endospore

Back 29

Produced in response to hostile environment conditions..

Protective mechanism cells become metabolically in active

Cells can survive up to thousands of years in this tough dormant structure

Front 30

Malachite green

Back 30

Primary stain, is pushed into cells and spore with a vigorous heating

Front 31

Saffranin

Back 31

Endospore secondary stain, recolor cell body after decolorization of primary stain

Front 32

Acid-fast cell wall

Back 32

Hydrophobic therefore impermeable to most staining procedure

Front 33

Acid-fast stain: differential stain

Back 33

Looking for cells with waxy layer mycolic acid

Front 34

Phenol (carbolic fuchsin)

Back 34

Acid-fast primary stain

Front 35

Primary stain for acid fast:

phenol (carbolic fuchsin)

Back 35

Is forced into cell wall with intense heating —-staining the acid fast bacteria: red

Front 36

Acid fast counterstain methylene blue

Back 36

Staining non-acid fast bacteria blue

Front 37

Capsules

Back 37

A glycocalyx structure with mucus consistency that is tightly bound to the outside of a cell.

Front 38

Capsules

Back 38

A glycocalyx structure with mucus consistency that is tightly bound to the outside of a cell.

Front 39

Capsules

Back 39

Sticks to surfaces, prevents phagocytosis therefore can contribute to virulence, prevents desiccation and can be used during starvation.

Front 40

Capsule staining procedure

Back 40

1. One drop Congo red to slide

2. Aseptically transfer bacteria cells to drop of Congo red

3. Spread the smear over the entire slide

4. Air dry. Flood with Maneval’s dye for 2 minutes

5. Gently drain excess stain and blot dry; do not use water!

Front 41

Capsule

Back 41

Heat fixing cannot be done, because heat will distort or destroy the

Front 42

Capsule

Back 42

A water smear cannot be made because water will dissolve the

Front 43

SYTA PLATES

Back 43

Sucrose (Energy)

Yeast (nucleic acid and vitamins)

Tryptone (protein for carbon and energy)

Agar

Front 44

GYPA

Back 44

Glucose, yeast, bromocresol purple

Front 45

Flagella

Back 45

Helical filaments with a rotary motor at its base that can turn clockwise or counterclockwise

Front 46

Atrichous

Back 46

Without flagella

Front 47

Monotrichous

Back 47

Single flagellum

Front 48

Amphitrichous

Back 48

Flagella at both ends

Front 49

Lophotrichous

Back 49

Tuft of flagella at one or both ends

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Peritrichous

Back 50

Flagella all around

Front 51

Tretazolium

Back 51

Salt is colorless and water soluble

Front 52

Formazan

Back 52

Tetrazolium salt is reduced to an insoluble red pigment

Front 53

Motility agar test: Positive movement

Back 53

Red color throughout

Front 54

Motility agar test:

Negative movement

Back 54

Red color only at stab line.

Front 55

Exoenzymes

Back 55

An enzyme that acts outside the cell that produces it.

Front 56

Proteases

Back 56

Proteins to amino acids

Front 57

Proteases

Back 57

Proteins to amino acids

Front 58

Lipases

Back 58

Lipids to glycerol & fatty acids

Front 59

Proteases

Back 59

Proteins to amino acids

Front 60

Lipases

Back 60

Lipids to glycerol & fatty acids

Front 61

Polysaccharides

Back 61

Starches into monosaccharides

Front 62

SIM

Back 62

Sulfide Indole Motility

Front 63

SIM

Back 63

Sulfide Indole Motility

Front 64

SIM

Back 64

Semi solid medium formulated with casein and animal tissue, and iron containing component and sodium thiosulfate.

Front 65

Sulfide

Back 65

By-product of cysteine metabolism that reacts with ferric ammonia citrate to form ppt of black iron sulfide salts (ferrous sulfide)

Front 66

Indole

Back 66

By-product of tryptophan metabolism that reacts with Kovac’s reagent to give bright red color.

Front 67

Motility

Back 67

Turbidity in medium outside of stab line.

Front 68

Indole Broth Test

Back 68

Identifies bacteria that indole using the enzyme tryptophanase

Front 69

Pure culture

Back 69

A mass of identical cells derived from a common descendent and therefore contains a single species of bacteria

Front 70

Symbiosis

Back 70

The act of cohabitation.

Front 71

Symbiosis

Back 71

The act of cohabitation.

Front 72

Colonies

Back 72

A mass of cells that are visible to the naked eye and start from a single cell or a number of cells connected together.

Front 73

Thermoduric

Back 73

Don’t like heat, kills off those cells that couldn’t withstand the rise in temperature.

Front 74

Benzoate users

Back 74

Pseudomonas bacteria, use to grow and reproduce.

Front 75

Benzoate users

Back 75

Pseudomonas bacteria, use to grow and reproduce.

Front 76

Nitrogen fixers

Back 76

Azotobacter & Azospirillum plays a vital role to the ecosystem.

Front 77

Enrichment cultures

Back 77

Useful in isolating organisms that are very low in numbers:

Front 78

Water

Back 78

Cells are composed mostly of: