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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major Stages of Mitosis |
1) Interphase 2)Prophase 3)Prometaphase 4)Metaphase 5)Anaphase 6)Telophase and Cytokinesis |
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Interphase of Mitrosis: |
Chromosomes are already replicated. |
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Prophase of Mitosis: |
Chromatids condense and spindles begin to form. Nuclear membrane begins to dissociate into vesicles. |
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Prometaphase of Mitosis: |
Nuclear membrane is completely gone. Sister chromatids are attached via kinetochore microtubules. |
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Metaphase of Mitosis: |
Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate. |
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Anaphase of Mitosis: |
Sister chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move toward opposite poles. |
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Telophase and Cytokinesis of Mitosis: |
Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes reform. Cleavage furrow separates the two cells. |
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Why choose an embryotic mass of cells to study stages of mitosis? |
Embryotic cells replicate rapidly. |
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What stage of mitosis is often associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? |
Telophase. |
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Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? Explain. |
Yes, it begins with G1 and ends with Mitosis. The cycle repeats if cell is healthy. |
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Major stages and events of Meiosis: |
Meiosis I: Meiosis II: Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and cytokinesis. |
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Prophase I of Meiosis: |
Chromosomes begin to condense and nuclear membrane begins to break down. Homologous chromosomes synapse to form bivalents -- crossing over occurs. |
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Prometaphase I of Meiosis: |
Nuclear membrane is gone and bivalents are attached by microtubules, from the centrioles,at their kinetochore. |
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Metaphase I of Meiosis: |
Bivalents align along the metaphase plate. |
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Anaphase I of Meiosis: |
Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles. |
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Telophase I and cytokinesis of Meiosis: |
Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes decondense. Separated by cleavage furrow. |
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Prophase II of Meiosis: |
Homologous chromatids condense. Nuclear membrane breaks down. |
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Prometaphase II of Meiosis: |
Nuclear Membrane is gone.Homologous chromatids are attached to microtubules from centrioles at their kinetochore. |
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Metaphase II of Meiosis: |
Homologous chromatids align at the metaphase plate. |
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Anaphase II of Meiosis: |
Homologous chromatids separate and individual chromosomes move toward opposite poles. Cleavage furrow separates cells from 2 into 4 cells. |
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Are cells diploid or haploid in meiosis? |
Gametes are typically haploid, which means they contain only one chromosomes of a homologous pair aka half the number of chromosomes. |
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What is synapsis? |
Synapsis refers to the pairing of homologous chromosomes. |
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What is an allele? |
Alleles are an alternate state of a gene, determining a person's phenotype. |
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What is crossing over? |
The exchange of genetic material among chromatids, creating new genetic combinations. |
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Summary of Spematogensis: |
Meiosis I produces two secondary spermatocytes. Meiosis II produces two haploid cells called spermatids. When spermatids mature they differenticate into sperm cells. |
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Summary of Oogenesis: |
At birth, the female is born with all oocytes she will ever have. These have undergone Meiosis I, but are arrested at Prophase I. During the ovarian cycle, one or two of these primary oocytes are stimulated . The oocyte enlarges and just before ovulation the oocyte completes meiosis I, which produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body. Cytoplasmic cleavage is uneven and the polar body dies off. When fertilized by a sperm cell, the oocyte undergoes meiosis II and produces another polar body. |
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Phenotype: |
The physical appearance of a genetic trait. |
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Genotype: |
Includes all alleles present in a cell, whether dominant or recessive. |
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Incomplete dominance: |
Heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate characteristic. |
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Codominance: |
Heterozygous genotype results in both alleles contributing to the phenotype. |
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Transposons: |
A fragment of DNA that can move to and be inserted at another locus on the chromosome. |
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Dihybrid Cross Punnett Square:
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"A" Blood Genotype: |
AA, or Ai. Contains antigen A and antibody B. |
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"B" Blood Genotype: |
BB, or Bi Contains antigen B and antibody A. |
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"O" Blood Genotype: |
ii Contains no antigen, and has antibody A and B. Universal donor. |
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"AB" Blood Genotype: |
AB Contains antigen A and B; has no antibody. Universal receiver. |
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Rh Bloodtyping: |
Determines positive or negative phenotype of blood. |
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Do dominant characteristics occur more frequency in the population to recessive genes? Why or why not? |
No. Not all dominant traits are desirable to the species, and may be associate with negative outcomes such as disease (ie. Huntington's Disease). |
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Is it possible to determine the genotype of an individual having a dominant phenotype? How? |
Yes, if we have access to their pedigree, we can find out what their genotype is. We can also examine it by observing the characteristics of their offspring and if they may show a recessive trait or not. |
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What is a Gram Stain? |
It identifies the type of cell wall possessed by the prokaryote. This affects the kind of treatment for infection. |
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What are the steps of a gram stain? |
Obtain sterilized equipment. 1) Apply a drop of water onto slide 2) Obtain sample and mix with the water on slide. 3) Allow to air dry. 4) Set the sample by passing through flame a couple of times. 5)Dye with Crystal Violet for 1minute. 6)Rinse with water for 5 seconds. 7)Dye with Iodine for 1 minute 8)Rinse with alcohol for 5-15 seconds. 9)Rinse with water for 5 seconds. 10) Counterstain with safranin for about 20 seconds. 11)Rinse with water 12) Blot dry with bibulous paper. |
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What does a gram positive sample indicate? |
A thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan present. Takes up the crystal violet dye and appears purple under microscope. Safranin does not have the ability to penetrate the cell wall. |
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What does a gram negative sample indicate? |
A thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan is present. The alcohol rinse strips the cell wall exposing the cell membrane made of lipopolysaccharides, which is able to take up the safranin counterstain dye. It appears red under microscope. |
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What shape is bacillus? |
Rod shaped. |
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What shape is coccus? |
Spherical |
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What shape is spirillum? |
Spiral |
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What is fission? |
Asexual replication of prokaryotes. |
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What is conjugation? |
This allows genetic recombination between two prokaryotes. |
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What is a bacterial colony? |
It is a grouping of bacterial growth, that can be categorized by its shape and texture. |
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What is a sensitivity plate? |
A sensitivity plate measures the potency of a drug or cleaning chemical against a known bacterial strain. |
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What is nitrogen fixation? |
Refers to root nodules and the symbiotic relationship between the plant and the bacteria. The plant provides sugars for the bacteria, and the bacteria provides nitrogen rich soil promoting growth via ammonia. |
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What are nodules? |
They are the presence of rhizobia bacteria in the roots of species specific plants. |
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What is a sheath? |
It is an exterior gelatinous layer to bacteria that is able to grow in a long filaments. Also known as a slime layer. |
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What are heterocysts? |
They are specialized cyanobacteria that carry out nitrogen fixation. Also known as nodules. |
