Lab Exam # 2

Front 1

What are two phases of cell cycle ?

Back 1

Interphase and mitotic phase

Front 2

What is interphase ?

Back 2

prepares for cel division and DNA is replicated

Front 3

What is mitotic phase?

Back 3

Chromosomes separate and cell divides.

Front 4

What happens during interphase ?

Back 4

cell grows ,

makes new cellular components

DNA is replicated

check points will stop cell division if there is problem .

Front 5

What are 4 phases of mitosis ?

Back 5

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Front 6

What happens in Prophase ?

Back 6

MITOSIS BEGIN

chromosomes condense

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Two centrioles( one centime) begin to move to opposite end of the cell

Microtubules form .

Front 7

What is Metaphase ?

Back 7

LINKAGE AND ALIGNMENT

Microtubules attach to the chromosomes

Microtubules line up the chromosomes at equator

Front 8

What happens in Anaphase ?

Back 8

sister Chromatid are pulled art by microtubules

Chromatids move toward the poles. Now the chromatids care called chromosomes.

Front 9

What is telophase?

Back 9

chromosomes begin to uncondense

nuclear membrane forms

cell begins to divide in half

Front 10

What is cytokenesis?

Back 10

cell divides completely forming two separate cells

Front 11

Where does DNA replication take place ?

Back 11

nucleus

Front 12

When does DNA replication take place?

Back 12

Interphase

Front 13

During this stage nuclear membrane breaks down ?

Back 13

Prophase

Front 14

During this phase chromosomes line up at the equator ?

Back 14

Metaphase

Front 15

During this stage the chromosomes begin to uncondense?

Back 15

Telophase

Front 16

At the end of mitosis how many cells are there ?

Back 16

2 ( cytokenisis)

Front 17

At the end of mitosis, how many chromosomes are there in each cell?

Back 17

46 chormosomes

Front 18

Phrophase 1 :

Back 18

the pairs of chromosomes crossing over

Front 19

Metaphase 1 :

Back 19

the way chromosomes line up not he equator is random = independent assortment

Front 20

23 paires of chromosomes

Back 20

46 chromosomes total

Front 21

gametes

Back 21

cells that are responsible for reproduction

Rest of body cells are somatic cells. `

sperm and eggs

undergo meiosis

Front 22

how do gametes overcome this problem ?

Back 22

need to reduce their number of chromosomes in half before the gametes come together

instead of 23 pairs need 23 chromosomes .

they over come with meiosis = having the number of chromosomes.

Front 23

diploid

Back 23

cells that have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs, all somatic cells are diploid

Front 24

Haploid

Back 24

cells that have 23 chromosomes , gametes are haploid

Front 25

what is meiosis ?

Back 25

when diploid cells divides to produce haploid reproductive cells.

Front 26

Meiosis 2

Back 26

chromosomes are duplicated during interphase

2 cell divisions

mitosis had chromosomes suplicaion followed by one cell division

Front 27

chromosomes

Back 27

are in pairs

each have two chromatids and DNA replications

Front 28

Meiosis

Back 28

1 DNA repliactes ; duplicate chromosomes and diploid cell

2. homologous chromosomes separate and results in 2 haploid cells

3. chromatids separate and cell divides result in 4 haploid cells

Front 29

Meiosis points

Back 29

Meiosis happens to form gametes - reproductive cells

gamete : start diploid before meiosis and end haploid

Front 30

Meiosis I

Prophase

Back 30

1. duplicated chromosomes condense and crossover - genetic variation

2. Nuclear membrane begins to break down

3. 2 centrioles ( centrosomes ) begin to move to opposite ends of cell

4. Microtubules form

Front 31

Meiosis I

Metaphase :

Back 31

1. Microtubules attach to chromosomes

2. The microtubles line up chromosomes at equator

3. chromosomes arrangethemselves randomly =independent assortment

Front 32

Meiosis I

Anaphase I

Back 32

1. chromosomes in the pairsare separated

2. chromosomes in a pair areseparated from each other

3. So now 23 chromosomesare on each side

Front 33

Meiosis I

Telophase:

Back 33

1. Nuclear membrane forms

2. Cell divides in half = two haploid cells(1n) = 23 chromosomes total

3. chromosomes are in theduplicated form

4. Now cell enters Meiosis II

Front 34

Meiosis II

Prophase

Back 34

 Prophase II: The 23 chromosomes are alreadycondensed. The Nuclear membrane dissolves.

Front 35

Meiosis !!

Metaphase

Back 35

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at theequator

Front 36

Meiosis II

Anaphase

Back 36

chromatids separate

Front 37

Meiosis II

Telphase

Back 37

cells separate

END : 4 haploid cells : each has 23 chromosomes ( not in duplicated state)

Front 38

At the end of meiosis 1 , How many cells are there?

Back 38

two

Front 39

At the end of Meiosis I are these cells haploid or diploid ?

Back 39

haploid

Front 40

At the end of Meiosis 2 how many cells are there ?

Back 40

four

Front 41

At the end of chromosomes, how many chromosomes are there in each cell?

Back 41

23 chromosomes

Front 42

At the end of Meiosis 2, are chromosomes in duplicated state ?

Back 42

no

Front 43

Genetic diversity through meiosis

Back 43

Prophase I : chromosomes paires cross over

Metaphase I : chromosomes line up on equator randomly = independent assortment

Front 44

Meiosis and Gender

Back 44

gametes contain 23 chromosomes

Eggs : x chromosomes

sperms : either x or y chromosomes.

Front 45

Spermatogenesis

Back 45

males testes : sperm produces : 1 cell = 4 sperm

each sperm: 23 chromosomes: not duplicated

sperm have small head and long tail : flagellum for locomotion

Head: chromosomes and lots of mitochondria to power the flagella

Front 46

Review of mitosis and meiosis

Back 46

Mitosis and Meiosis both start with adiploid cell (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs)

Before both Mitosis and Meiosis the DNAreplicates, forming duplicatedchromosomes, each containing twochromatids

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells (cells otherthan those that produce the gametes),Meiosis produces gametes

Front 47

Review Mitosis

Back 47

 During Mitosis: The chromatids are separated toproduce two cells, each with 46chromosomes, 23 pairs of nonduplicated chromosomes

 These cells are diploid (2n) cells

 There is no exchanging of geneticmaterial

Front 48

Metaphase slide

Back 48

Front 49

Anaphase in Whitefish

Back 49

..

Front 50

Telophase in whitefish

Back 50

..

Front 51

Interphase Mitosis

Back 51

..

Front 52

Prophase Mitosis

Back 52

..

Front 53

Metaphase Mitosis

Back 53

..

Front 54

Anaphase Mitosis

Back 54

..

Front 55

Telophase Mitosis

Back 55

..

Front 56

Cytokinesis

Back 56

Front 57

Path of blood through the heart

Back 57

Superior and Inferior vena cava (O2-poor ) ---> Right Atrium--->  Tricuspid AV valve--->  RightVentricle.---> Pulmonary SL valve--->Pulmonary Arteries --->Lungs---> Pulmonary veins (O2-rich) ---> Left Atrium--->  Mitral AV valve--->  Left Ventricle--->  Aortic SL valve--->  Aorta--->  rest of the body tissues.

Front 58

Eosinophils blood slide

Back 58

Front 59

Neutrophil

Back 59

Front 60

Lymphocyte

Back 60

Front 61

Monocyte

Back 61

Front 62

Basophil

Back 62

Front 63

Cranium

Back 63

skull

Front 64

Mandible

Back 64

lower jaw bone

Front 65

Maxillae

Back 65

upper jaw bone

Front 66

Hyoid Bone

Back 66

horse shoe like

Front 67

intervertebral disks

Back 67

Front 68

Sternum : manubrium , body , xiphoid process

Back 68

Front 69

Ribs

Back 69

Front 70

Vertebrae

Back 70

Front 71

sacrum

Back 71

Front 72

coccyx

Back 72

Front 73

Scapula

Back 73

Front 74

Clavicle

Back 74

shoulder bone

Front 75

humerus

Back 75

Front 76

ulna

Back 76

on pinky finger side in arm

Front 77

radius

Back 77

on thumb side in arm

Front 78

carpals

Back 78

Front 79

metacarpals

Back 79

Front 80

phalanges

Back 80

Front 81

ilium

Back 81

Front 82

Ischium

Back 82

Front 83

pubis

Back 83

Front 84

femur

Back 84

Front 85

patella

Back 85

knee cap

Front 86

tibia

Back 86

shaft like bone , LE bone

Front 87

fibula

Back 87

LE bone , skinny bone in leg

Front 88

Blood type

AB

Back 88

antigen protein : A and B

No antibodies

bloods that can be received : A , B , AB , o

Front 89

Blood type :

B

Back 89

antigen protein : B

Antibodies : A

Blood that can be received : B, O

Front 90

Blood type :

A

Back 90

antigen Protein : A

Antibodies : B

Blood that can be received : A, O

Front 91

Blood Type :

O

Back 91

antigen protein : non

antibodies : anti A and Anti B

Blood that can be received : O

Front 92

Which pathway of blood circulation has oxygen poor blood ?

Back 92

Superior and inferior vena cava

Front 93

Which pathway of blood circulation has oxygen rich blood ?

Back 93

Pulmonary veins

Front 94

1. ________ blood enters right atrium through _________ and ______

Back 94

Deoxygenated ; superior vena cava ; inferior vena cava

Front 95

2. The Right atrium pumps blood to ____________ which contracts, pumping blood to ________

Back 95

Right ventricle ; lungs

Front 96

3. How is blood delivered to lungs?

Back 96

via pulmonary arteries

Front 97

4. ________ blood returns from the lungs through the __________.

Back 97

Oxygenated ; pulmonary veins

Front 98

5. Blood then moves into the _______ which pumps the blood into ________.

Back 98

Left atrium ; Left ventricle

Front 99

6. Power full contraction of __________ force blood into _________.

Back 99

Left ventricle , aorta

Front 100

7. Where does blood distributed from aorta?

Back 100

rest of body

Front 101

Erythrocytes

Back 101

Red blood cells

Front 102

What does red blood cell contain which protein that binds oxygen ?

Back 102

hemoglobin

Front 103

What are Neutrophils?

Back 103

most abundant white blood cells

multi lobed nucleus , cytoplasm stains clear

Front 104

What are Eosinophils ?

Back 104

large white blood cells.

bi-lobed nuclei and pink staining granules in cytoplasm

Front 105

What are Basophils

Back 105

large white blood cells.

bi-lobed nuclei and purple staining granules in cytoplasm

Front 106

What are monocytes ?

Back 106

U shaped nucleus

blue cytoplasm with no granules

Front 107

What are lymphocytes ?

Back 107

round nucleus fills most of the cells

Front 108

What are platelets ?

Back 108

fragments of megakaryocytes