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150 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Types of Muscular Tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Most skeletal muscle tissue move?
Bone
With skeletal muscle tissue it has alternating light & dark bands when examined with a microscope?
Striated
Is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary (consciously controlled)
Cardiac muscle tissue is located where?
Heart
Cardiac muscle tissue has alternating light & dark bands when examined with a microscope?
Striated
Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary (not consciously controlled)
With cardiac muscle tissue,self-excitable by "pacemaker" is called?
Auto- Rhythmic;
Smooth muscle tissue are located in walls of _____structures, like blood vessles, airways, and many _____?
-Hollow
-Organs
Are smooth muscle tissue striated or non-striated?
Non-Striated
Are smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
What are the muscle tissue functions?
– Produces Body Movements
– Stabilizes Body Positions (posture)
– Move Substances within Body (heart pumps blood)
– Generates Heat (shivering increases heat production)
4 muscle tissue properties?
– Electrical Excitability
– Contractility
– Extensibility
– Elasticity
Ability to respond to stimuli?
Electrical Excitability
Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated?
Contractility
Ability to stretch without being damaged?
Extensibility
Ability to return to their original length?
Elasticity
What are the connective tissue components?
– Fascia
– Tendon
– Aponeurosis
Sheet of connective tissue that surrounds muscles?
Fascia
What are the 3 layers that extend from fascia?
– Epimysium
– Perimysium
– Endomysium
Which fascia layer is the outermost layer that encircles the entire muscle?
Epimysium
Which fascia layer is the middle layer and surrounds bundles (fascicles) of muscle fibers?
Perimysium
Which fascia layer is the innermost layer that separates individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
Which connective tissue component attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
Which connective tissue component is a flat sheet-like tendon?
Aponeurosis
Skeletal muscles are well supplied with_____&_____ _____?
– Nerves
– Blood Vessels
With skeletal muscle tissue, when you have a muscle contraction it requires large amounts of _____&_____?
– ATP
– Nutrients
With nerve and blood supply in skeletal muscle tissue each muscle fiber is in close contact with a neuron known as the_____ _____?
Neuromuscular Junction
With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, a muscle fiber (cell) is known as a?
Myofiber
With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, a myofibrillar consist of many smaller muscle fibers known as?
Myofibrils
With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, Myofibrils consist of the smallest muscle fibers known as?
Myofilaments (thick& thin)
With microscopic anatomy and skeletal muscle tissue these are the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of muscle cell?
Sarcolemma & Sarcoplasm
With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue this stores calcium for muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is functional units of striated muscle (cardiac and skeletal) alternating light and dark areas formed by patterns of myrofilaments?
Sarcomeres
With myrofibril and myrofilaments this separate sarcomeres and forms boundaries?
Z Disc
With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the darker middle area of sarcomere and thick and thin filaments overlap?
A Band
With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the lighter area that contains only thin filaments and where Z discs passed through the center?
I Band
With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the center of each A band and contains only thick filaments?
H Zone
With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism has myosin heads of_____filaments that attach to and pull on actin myosin binding sites of_____filaments?
– Thick
– Thin
With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism is where Z discs come closer together causing_____filaments to_____over thick filaments toward center of sarcomere?
– Thin
– Slide
With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism leads to_____of the entire muscle?
Shortening
Name the 4 parts of the thick and thin myofilaments?
– Thick Myofilaments
– Thin Myofilaments
– Contractile Proteins
– Regulatory Proteins
With thick and thin myofilaments this is composed of many myosin molecules?
Thick Myofilaments
With thick and thin myofilaments this is composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin?
Thin Myofilaments
With thick and thin myofilaments this is myosin (pulls) & actin (pulled)?
Contractile Proteins
With thick and thin myofilaments this is troponin in tropomyosin?
Regulatory Proteins
With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, an enlargement of existing muscle fibers is where muscle growth occurs by?
Hypertrophy
With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, this is a wasting away of muscles, disuse and denervation?
Atrophy
With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, this is a group of inherited muscle destroying diseases?
Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a sex linked trait and is most common in?
Males
The point of communication (synapse) between neurons and muscle fiber?
Neuromuscular Junction
With neuromuscular junction this is communication between a neuron and an effector (muscle fiber or another neuron)?
Synapse
With neuromuscular junction this is a gap between cells?
Synaptic Cleft
With neuromuscular junction this is where chemicals are released and relays the message to effector?
Neurotransmitters
With neuromuscular junction this has sacs containing neurotransmitters?
Synaptic Vesicles
With neuromuscular junctions this is the region of sarcolelemma that contains neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) receptors?
Motor End Plate
With neuromuscular junction, nerve impulses produce muscle action potentials by?
– Releasing Acetylchlorine (neurotransmitter)
– Activates ACh Receptors
– Produces a Muscle Action Potential (MAP)
– Termination of ACh Activity
Which muscle action potential is where nerve impulses trigger synaptic vesicles to release ACh into synaptic cleft?
Releasing Acetylchlorine
Which muscle action potential is binding of ACh 2 receptor on motor end plate and opens sodium ion channels (Na+ flows inside of muscle cell)?
Activates ACh Receptors
Which muscle action potential is where inflow of Na+ makes the inside of muscle fiber more positively charged, triggering a muscle action potential?
Produces a Muscle Action Potential (MAP)
Map travels to_____releasing stored Ca2+?
SR
Which muscle action potential is where ACh effects last briefly and is rapidly broken down by enzyme?
Termination of ACh Activity
Nerve impulses trigger Ca++ release from SR into_____?
Sarcoplasm
Increased Ca++ levels in sarcoplasm_____contraction?
Starts
Ca++ binds to_____on thin filaments, exposing actin myosin_____ _____allowing cross bridges to form?
– Troponin
– Binding Sites
SR contains Ca++_____that return Ca++ back to SR decreasing_____levels in sarcoplasm?
– Pumps
– Calcium
As Ca++ levels in sarcoplasm_____, myosin binding sites are covered and muscle relaxes?
Decrease
Contraction cycle consists of 4 steps?
– ATP Hydrolysis (breakdown)
– Formation of Cross Bridges
– Power Stroke (contraction)
– Detachment of Myosin from Actin
Which step of the contraction cycle is where breakdown of ATP energizes myosin head?
ATP Hydrolysis (breakdown)
Which step of the contraction cycle is where myosin head attaches to actin myosin binding sites?
Formation of Cross Bridges
Which step of the contraction cycle is where myosin cross bridges pull actin, sliding thin myofilaments toward center of sarcomere?
Power Stroke (contraction)
Which step of the contraction cycle is where ATP binds to myosin head, detaching myosin head from actin?
Detachment of Myosin from Actin
With the detachment of myosin from actin, the contraction cycle repeats as long as_____is available and Ca2+ levels are significantly_____?
– ATP
– High
With detachment of myosin from actin, repeated cycles_____sarcomere further?
Shortens
With production of ATP in muscle fibers, a huge amount of ATP is needed to power the_____ cycle, and pump _____into the SR?
– Contraction
– Ca2+
The amount of ATP inside muscle fibers powers contraction for only a?
Few Seconds
Muscle fibers replenish ATP by 3 methods?
– Creatine Phosphate
– Anaerobic
– Aerobic
When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is unique to muscle fibers, and lasts 15 seconds?
Creatine Phosphate
When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is where cellular respiration forms lactic acid (strength training)?
Anaerobic (without oxygen)
When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is where cellular respiration forms the most ATP (endurance training)?
Aerobic (with oxygen)
Inability of muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity?
Muscle Fatigue
A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be inadequate release of_____ions from SR?
Calcium
A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be depletion of_____ _____?
Creatine Phosphate
A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be insignificant_____?
Oxygen
A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be depletion of_____and other nutrients?
Glycogen
A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be buildup of_____ _____?
Lactic Acid
The_____force of muscle contraction varies?
Tension
Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the_____of motor units activated?
Number
Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the_____of nerve impulses (stimulation)?
Frequency
Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the amount of myofilaments _____ before contraction?
Overlap
Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the nutrients and _____ availability?
Oxygen
A brief contraction (single pull) of all muscle fibers within a motor unit in response one nerve impulse is what?
Twitch
A twitch consist of a _____(____), contraction and relaxation period?
Latent (delay)
This consist of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates?
Motor Unit (light switch)
Precise muscle movements consist of many_____motor units, like vocal cords (1 neuron: _____ muscle fibers)
– Small
– Few
Large powerful muscle movements consist of_____motor units, like hamstrings (1 neuron: _____ muscle fibers)
– Large
– Many
The total strength (force) of a contraction depends on the_____&_____of motor units activated (turned on)?
– Size & Number
A myogram of twitch contraction has 3 periods?
– Latent Period
– Contraction Period
– Relaxation Period
With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is a brief delay between stimulus and contraction; Ca++ levels increase in sarcoplasm?
Latent Period
With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is where cross bridges form "power stroke"?
Contraction Period
With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is where Ca++ levels decrease in sarcoplasm covering myosin binding sites; myosin heads detach from actin?
Relaxation Period
With frequency of nerve impulses this produces larger contractions when nerve impulses occur one after the other; calcium levels increase in sarcoplasm with each nerve impulse?
Wave Summation
With frequency of nerve impulses this results in a wavering contraction when a muscle partially relaxes between nerve impulses such as during fatigue?
Unfused Tetanus
With frequency of nerve impulses this results in a sustained (normal) contraction when a muscle does not relax between nerve impulses?
Fused Tetanus
With types of skeletal muscle fibers, muscle fibers contract at different speeds and vary how quickly they_____?
Fatigue
3 main types of skeletal muscle fibers?
– Slow Oxidative Fibers
– Fast Oxidative – Glycolytic Fibers
– Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers is the least powerful type of muscle fiber and generates ATP mainly by aerobic methods?
Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers has the slowest speed of contraction and the highest resistance to fatigue?
Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
Slow oxidative fibers (SO fibers) are capable of_____, sustained contractions, and is most abundant in_____muscles?
– Prolonged
– Postural
Slow oxidative fibers (SO fibers) are adapted for maintaining posture (anatomical position)&_____ –_____activities?
Endurance – Type
Which type skeletal muscle fiber generate ATP by aerobic and anaerobic methods, and has intermediate resistance to fatigue?
Fast Oxidative – Glycolytic Fibers (FOG)
With fast oxidative – glycolytic fibers (FOG) the speed of contraction is_____, and are most abundant in_____ _____muscles?
– Faster
– Lower Limb
Fast oxidative – glycolytic fibers (FOG) contribute to activities such as_____&_____?
Walking & Sprinting
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber has the most powerful type of muscle fibers and generate ATP by anaerobic method?
Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)
Fast glycolytic fibers (FG fibers) contract _____ and have the _____resistance to fatigue?
-Fastest
-Lowest
Fast glycolytic fibers (FG fibers) is most abundant in _____ _____ muscles, and is adapted for intense _____ training activities of short duration like _____ _____?
-Upper Limb
-Strength
-Weight Lifting
With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, most muscles are a mixture of_____ _____types of muscle fibers?
All 3
With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, skeletal muscles of any given_____ _____are all the_____type?
– Motor Unit
– Same
With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, proportions vary depending on_____action, persons training regiment, and_____factors?
– Muscle
– Genetic
2 types of contractions?
– Isometric Contraction
– Isotonic Contraction
Tensions generated is not enough for object to be moved and muscle does not change it's length is what type of contraction?
Isometric Contraction
Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm is what type of contraction?
Isometric Contraction
Isometric contraction_____to isotonic contraction?
Leads
Muscle changes length producing movements like picking up a book off the table is what type of contraction?
Isotonic Contraction
2 types of isotonic contraction?
– Concentric Contractions (flexion)
– Eccentric Contractions (extension)
Muscle spasms are_____contractions of muscles?
Involuntary
A cramp is a painful_____contraction?
Spasmodic
Muscle spasms_____blood vessels_____blood flow?
– Shorten
– Reducing
Massage can_____or_____severity of muscle spasms?
– Eliminate
– Reduce
With muscle spasms, massage_____blood flow and resets_____ _____in area?
– Increases
– Muscle Tone
With exercise and skeletal muscle tissue ratio of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative fibers are_____determined?
Genetically
With exercise and skeletal muscle tissue various types of exercises can_____muscle fibers?
Transform
Aerobic exercises transforms some _____ fibers into _____ fibers; endurance training?
– Fast Glycolytic (FG)
– Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG)
Anaerobic exercises increase size of _____fibers by hypertrophy; strength training?
Fast Glycolytic (FG)
Cardiac muscle tissue has _____ fibers?
Branched
With cardiac muscle tissue _____ _____ connects fibers?
Intercalated Discs
Cardiac muscle tissue has _____muscle fibers " pacemaker"?
Autorhythmic
Smooth muscle tissue is _____ shaped; thickest in middle and tapered ends?
Spindle
2 types of smooth muscle tissue?
– Single Unit (visceral)
– Multiunit
Smooth muscle tissue regeneration is _____ compared to other muscle tissues?
Considerable
With aging and muscular tissue it has progressive loss of skeletal muscle_____?
Mass
With aging and muscular tissue it _____ in maximal strength?
Decreases
With aging and muscular tissue you have slowing of muscle_____?
Reflexes
With aging in muscular tissue you have loss of_____?
Flexibility
With aging in muscular tissue the number of _____ _____ fibers increase?
Slow Oxidative (SO)
With aging and muscular tissue aerobic activities and strength training can slow _____ in muscular performance?
Decline
Increased muscle tone?
Hypertonia
Decreased muscle tone?
Hypotonia
Pain associated with muscles?
Myalgia
Tearing of muscle accompanied by bleeding and severe pain?
Muscle Strain (pulled muscle)