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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinesiology |
The study of movement that bring together the fields of anatomy, physiology, physics, geometry and relates them to the human movement |
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Biomechanics
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Mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body are used in the study of biomechanics
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Kinstics
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Forces causing movement
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kinematics
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The time, space, and mass aspects of a movement system
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flextion
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Bending movement or one bone on another, bringing the two segments together and causing an increase in the joint angle.
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extension
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The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle.
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Abduction (abducted)
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The movement away from the mid line of the body
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Adduction
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Bring the movement closer to the midline of the body
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Medial rotation
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or "internal rotation" anterion surface rolls inward toward the midline. (standing up and left arm is straight out to the side and elbow is bent and fingers pointing to the grown.
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Laterial rotation
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anterior surface rolls outward away from midline. ( left arm is straight out, elbow bent and fingers are pointing to the sky)
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Proxmial
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towards the trunk
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Distal
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away from the trunk
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medial
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closest to the midline of the body
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lateral
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farthest from the midline
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anterior
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front of the body
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Posterior
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back of the body
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cephalic
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towards the head
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caudal
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tail or closer to the feet
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superior
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towards the top
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Inferior
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towards the bottom
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Sagittal
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divides the body into right and left halves, (medial-lateral, and flextion and extension)
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frontal or coronal
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divides the body into from and back halves. (anterior-posterior, and Abduction-Adduction) |
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degrees of movement
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-the amount of mobility in a joint. -One degree of freedom is gained for each plane of movement that a joint can move
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Rules of three for Describing a joint motion
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-Name the motion-Which bone is moving-Name the joint at which the motion is occurring
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ROM of flexion of the femoral-tibial Jt.
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0-135
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Extension of the femoral-tibial jt
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135-0
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ROM for plantar flexion is
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0-45
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Dorsiflexion ROM is
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0-20
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Inversion ROM
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0-35
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Everson ROM
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0-25 |
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Flexion of the metatarsalphalangeal jt
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0-40
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Flexion of the interphalangeal Jt of the great toe?
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0-90
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Flexion of proximal interphangeal Jt of toes 2-5
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0-35
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ROM for distal interphalangeal Jt toes 2-5
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0-60
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Extension of the metatarsalphalangeal Jt toes 2-5
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0-90
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Three muscles that flex the knee
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Semimembranoses Semitendanoses Bicep femoris |
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Muscles that extend the knee
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Vastus lateral Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius Rectus femorus |
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Prime mover for plantar flexion
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GastrocnemiusSoleus
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Prime mover for dorsiflexion
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Tibialis anterior
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Prime mover for plantar flexion with inversion.
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Tibialis posterior
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Prime movers for Eversion
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Peronies longusPeronies brevis
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What muscles make up the Pes Anserine?
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Sartorius Garcilis Semitendanoses
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Function of the Pes Anserine
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Provides additional medial stability to the knee joint
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Q-angle
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ASIS to the patella. Then the tibial tuberosity to the patella. 13*-18*. Used to track the patella.
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What is the part of the Calcaneus that supports the arch?
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Sustentaculum
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Five functions of the foot.
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1. support weight of the body 2. Elevation of the body3. Shock absorption 4. Operation of machine tools5. Substitute for hands6. Making contact with the occasional gluteus maximus
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Ligament that supports the Medial longitudinal arch
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Deltoid
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The Talus glides posteriorly on the tibial during what movement
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Dorsiflexion
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What stressor is caused by a Genu varus deformation
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Compressed medial meniscus
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The ACL prevents what?
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Excessive Anterior / extention of the tibia on the femur
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What is the direction of the Glide during sitting to standing?
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Posture Glide of the femur on the tibia.
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Close pack for the patella at the knee
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30* flexion
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Loose pack at the knee
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20* flexion
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What is pes Valgus?
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Pronation with Eversion
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How to lengthen the hamstrings
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Flex hip, extend the knee
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How to fully lengthen the gastrocnemius
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Knee extention with ankle dorsiflexion
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The Medial longitudinal arch is supported by which Ligament?
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Spring
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Most frequently torn Ligament in the ankle is the?
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Lateral Colateral, with Inversion
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Inversion happends at what joint?
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Subtayler Jt
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Insertion for peronies brevis
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Lateral aspect of 5th meta tarsal
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Origin for the flexior digitorum longus
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Posterior proximal tibia
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How to isolate the solus muscle
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Flex knee to 90* and plantar flex ankle
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Origin of the rectus femorus
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AIIS
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How to lengthen the rectus femorus
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Hip extended knee flexion
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Origin for the soleus
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Fibular head
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Ligament most commonly torn is?
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Lateral Colateral Ligament
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A person standing on their toes, what is the movement of the Talus?
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Anterior on the tibia
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Motion created by extensor digitorum longus
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Extension and dorsiflexion
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Name the contraction when moving from standing to sitting
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Eccentric contraction of the quads
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Active insufficiency for the gastrocnemius
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Knee flexion with ankle plantarflexion
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Origin of the flexior digitorum brevis
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Inferior aspect of the Calcaneus
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Screw home mechanism with knee flexion when sitting at the end of the table.
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Lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur.
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Name all the joints at the T5 Vertebrae.
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2- left and right, Superior articular facet joint 2- left and right inferior articular facet joint4- left and right costal vertebral joints and TVP2- inferior and superior intervertebral Joints
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Name the bony landmark that aligned with spinal process of T3
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Spine of the scapula
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Bony landmark of T7
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Inferior angle of the scspula
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Bony landmark of T10
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Xiphoid process of the sternum
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Bony landmark of L4
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Iliac crest
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Name the center fluid filled part of the intervertebral disk
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Nucleus pulposus
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Name the outer portion of the disk composed of cartilsginous rings
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Annulus fibrosus
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List two functions of the anterior spinal column, and give examples
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1. Mobility- the ability to move around2. Weight bearing- to support Weight of the body.
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list two functions of the posterior spinal column
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1. protection of the spinal cord2. guidance and limitation of movement
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ROM for the combination of cervical and capital flextion
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0-60
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ROM for the combination of cervical and capital extention
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0-30-45
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name the four muscles that compose the erector spinae of the cervical spine
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1. longissimus cervicis2. semispinalis cervicis3. spinalis cervices4. iliocostalis cervises
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name the four muscles which compose the erector spinae of the thoracolumbar spine
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1. longissimus thoracis2. spinalis thoracis3. iliocostalis thoracis4. multifidus
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ROM for cervical rotation is
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0-45/55
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ROM for cervical side bending / lateral flexion
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0-45
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A person struggling to breath uses what three accessory muscles to breath?
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1. SCM (sternocleidomastoid)2. scalene3. serrates anterior
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four key elements of proper body mechanics when lifting objects from floor.
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1. keep an erect vertebrae2. bend and lift with the muscles of the legs, and contract the abdominal muscles3. keep object close to the body with a wide base of support4. avoid twisting of any kind.
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list two reasons related to the structure and function of the lumbar intervertebral disk that account for your typical disk protrusion.
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1. the lumbar spine performs most of the bodies flexion and extension due to the fact that the superior and inferior articular facet joint are in the sagittal plane.2. the intervertrabal disc are thicker anteriorly then they are posteriorly, sitting and leaning forward much of the day can lead to a posterior herniated disc or a bulging disc.
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list 3 common structural changes that occure throughout the spinal column as we age.
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1. increased cervical lordosis2. increased thoracic kyphosis3. decreased lumbar lordosis
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name the palpable posterior protrusions on the thoracic vertebrae
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spinous processes
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name the lateral protrusions present on the thoracic vertebrae
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transverse processes
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name the anterior portion of the lumbar vertebrae
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vertebral body
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what part of the thoracic vertebrae are occupied by the spinal cord
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neural canal
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what is the mist poster part of the skull
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occipital
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skull bone closest to the ear
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Temporal
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there are ____ cervical, _____ thoracic, and _______ lumbar vertebrae.
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7, 12, 5
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Do we have thoracolumbar extension?
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We have very little because motion is limited by approximation of the spinous processes
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Approximately 50% of cervical flexion and extension occurs at which joint?
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at the atlanto-occipital joint
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approximately 50% of cervical rotation occurs at which joint?
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at the atlanto-axial joint
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the greatest amount of force on the lumbar spine is caused by what?
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sitting and bent forward
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the facet joints of the thoracic vertebrae are aligned in the ____ plane and allow for ____?
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Frontal, and lateral flextion
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The facet joints of the lumbar spine are aligned in the ____ plane to allow for ____.
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sagittal, flexion/extension
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Contraction of the right sternocleidomastoid creates which of the following motion patterns?
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left rotation and right lateral flexion.
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Trunk rotation to the right is created by contraction of which one of the following muscle combinations?
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left externus abdominus obliqus and right internus abdominus obliqus
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Which of the following muscles contracts during relaxed inspiration?
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external intercostals
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A person is sitting and slowly bends forward at the trunk. Which one the following muscle contractions occurs during this activity?
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eccentric contraction of the erector spinae of the thoracolumbar spine
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While sitting the cervical spine remains in a neutral, upright position because of which of the following types of muscle contraction for which of the following muscles?
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isometric contractions of the cervical erector spinae
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Which of the following terms describes the amount of air that enters the respiratory system in a normal breath?
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tidal volume
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In the normal subject the inspiratory reserve volume is _____ liters following a normal breath.
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3.8
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE for a patient with a left thoracic scoliosis?
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The patient would exhibit a posterior rib hump on the right during forward bending
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What is the name of the bone that marks the inferior portion of the eyes?
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zygomatic
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The picture in the attachment demonstrates contraction of which of the following muscles?
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corrugator supercilii
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what makes this face
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Buccinator
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What muscles does Aliesha use to smile?
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Zygomaticus
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Opening the mouth (depressing the mandible) is caused by contraction of which of the following muscles?
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suprahyoid
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A student, upon being informed that he/she had earned a grade of A in PTA103 in the PTA Program at GateWay Community College, would most likely contract the following muscle.
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zygomaticus major
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To forcefully blow air out of the lungs which of the following muscles would most likely contract?
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abdominals
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The majority of lumbar disc protrusions occur in which of the following directions?
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posterior
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Which of the following terms describes a condition in which one vertebrae slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebrae?
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spondylolisthesis
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Sternocleidomastoid O & I
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O-upper border of the clavicle, manubrium, sternum. I-mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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Rectus abdominal
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O- pubis boneI- xiphoid process of ribs 5-7
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Diaphragm
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O- xiphoid process ribs 7-12 and L 1-3 I-central tendon. |
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Name 4 things that affect our posture
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1. Fatigue2. Emotions3. structure4. Culture (squatting vs. sitting)
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What are conditions resulting in abnormal posture?
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-Comatose Pt-Pain-Burns-Scoliosis-Pressure Ulcerations-Compensation with injury-Spasticity
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what are 3 effects of abnormal posture on circulation.
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1. Decreased nutrition2. Decreased Vascularization3. Skin break down with pressure
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What is Posture?
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A position or attitude of the body, the relative arrangement of the body parts for a specific activity, or a characteristic manner of bearing one's body.
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Effects of abnormal posture
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- Muscle imbalance-Atrophy-Loss of elasticity
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Effects of bad posture on joints
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-Decreased elasticity of ligaments-Decreased synovial fulid
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what to look for when assessing posture from the front
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- Head is in midline- shoulders are even with each other- iliac crest and ASIS are even- knees are even- Medial malleoli are opposing each other
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What to look for when looking from behind (posterior)
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-Head is in midline-shoulders are level-spine of scaps are even-iliac crest are level -popliteal fossae are aligned-medial malleoli are aligned-greater trochanter are level
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What to look for when looking from the side
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-Plumb line falls through the ear and the center of the shoulders-line falls threw or just posterior to hip joint-line falls anterior to the knee and the ankle
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name 3 slow twitch muscles that help keep us upright
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1. ALL erector spinae muscles2. Gluteus Max3. Hamstrings
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Name the five Stance Phases
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1. Heel strike/ initial contact2. foot flat/ loading3. mid-stance4. heel off- terminal stance5. push off/ toe off
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Name the 3 swing phases
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1. initial swing2. mid-swing3. terminal swing
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What is double contact? What % do we stand in "stance phase" and in "Swing Phase"?
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when both feet are touching the ground at the same time.Stance= 60% of gateswing= 40% of gate
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What is stride length?
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The distance between heal contact of one foot to the subsequent heel contact of the same foot.
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What is Step length?
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the distance between heel contact on one foot to the point of contact of the opposite foot
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what is gait cadence?
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the number of steps taken per minute
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Heel strike ROM
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-Ankle ROM= 0-5* of DF-Knee ROM= 0*-Hip= 20*-30* of hip flexion
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Foot Flat ROM
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Ankle- 10-20* of PFKnee-5-10* of flexionHip 20-30* of flexion
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Mid-Stance(opposite LE is in mid swing)ROM
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Ankle- neutral -10* of DFKnee- 0*Hip- neutral to 15* of extension
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What are Mid-stance weaknesses?
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- Trendelenburg with foot drag on opposite foot- lateral trunk flexion towards the stance leg to clear the swinging leg-decreased step length on the opposite side-decreased stance time on the same side-decreased stance time on the affected leg- Poor weight shift
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Heal off / Terminal StanceROM
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Ankle- 5-10* of DFKnee-0*Hip-10*-15* of extension
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Push off-toe / Pre-swingROM
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Ankle- 20-30 of PFKnee-30-40 of flexionHip-10 of flexion
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initial Swing / AccelerationROM
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Ankle- neutralKnee-60* of flexionHip- 5* of extension
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Weakness in early swing and mid- stance
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-Foot / toe drag-circumduction-lateral trunk flexion towards the stance phase LE-hip hiking-trunk extension-ER of the LE-Vaulting-Steppage gate (excessive hip/knee flexion)
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Mid swingROM
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Ankle-neutralKnee-70-25* of flexionHip-0-25 of flexion
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Terminal Swing / DecelerationROM
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ROM-0-5* of DFAnkle-0*Hip-20-30* of flexion
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What is the energy cost of Gait in Special Populations
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- The lower the amputation, the lower the energy cost-ambulation with a prosthesis has a lower energy cost than ambulating with crutches-the use of orthotic devices in hemiplegic patients may decrease costs
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What is the energy cost of Gait in Special Populations, cont.
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- Paraplegic patients ambulating with bilateral KAFOs and crutches require 5-8 times the energy of normal gait- Propelling a wheelchair on smooth, level surfaces requires approximately the same amount of energy as normal gait -- Problems of fatigue in the UE musculature
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What are the Gait changes in the elderly?
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- Increased base of support- Decreased step lengths- Decreased stride lengths- Decreased gait cadence-Increased thoracic kyphosis and cervical lordosis- Decreased arm swing-Decreased functional endurance
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What are the Influences on Gait changes in the elderly?
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- Decreased balance reactions- Decreased ROM in joints- Decreased muscle strength- Loss of soft tissue flexibility- Sedentary lifestyle- Decreased cardiovascular endurance
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of the radiocarpal joint is ___ degrees.Correct!
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0-80
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for extension of the radiocarpal joint is ___ degrees.
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0-70
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for radial deviation of the radiocarpal joint is ___ degrees.
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0-20
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for ulnar deviation of the radiocarpal joint is ___ degrees.
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0-30
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joints of fingers 2-5 is ___ degrees.
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0-90
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for extension of metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joints of fingers 2-5 is ___ degrees.
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0-45
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of fingers 2-5 is ___ degrees.
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0-100
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of fingers 2-5 is ___ degrees.
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0-90
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of the metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) joint of the thumb is ___ degrees.
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0-50
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the thumb is ___ degrees.
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0-80
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for abduction of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is ___ degrees.
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0-70
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for flexion of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-120
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for extension of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-20
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for abduction of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-45
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for adduction of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-20
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for lateral (external) of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-45
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The normal range of motion (ROM) for medial (internal) of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint is ___ degrees.
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0-45
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List two muscles that are the prime movers for flexion of the carpals at the radiocarpal joint. Please number your responses.
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1. flexior carpi radialis longest2. flexior carpi radialis Brevis
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List three muscles that are the prime movers for extension of the carpals at the radiocarpal joint.
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1.extensior carpi ulnaris2.extensior carpi radialis longest3.extensior carpi radialis brevis
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for flexion of the proximal phalanxes for digits 2-5 at the metacarpalphalnageal joints while the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints remain in extension.
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lumbricales
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for flexion of the middle phalanx on the proximal phalanx at proximal interphalangeal joints for fingers 2-5.
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flexor digitorum superficialis
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for flexion of the distal phalanx on the middle phalanx at distal interphalangeal joints for fingers 2-5.
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flexor digitorum profundus
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for extension of the metacarpal phalangeal joints, the proximal interphalangeal joints and the distal interphalangeal joints for fingers 2-5.
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extensor digitorum
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for extension of the metacarpal phalangeal joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint and the distal interphalangeal joint for digit #2.
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extensor indicis
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for extension of the metacarpal phalangeal joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint and the distal interphalangeal joint for digit #5.
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extensor digiti minimi
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List the muscle group that is the prime mover for abduction of the proximal phalanx at the metacarparpal phalangeal joints for fingers 2, 3, and 4.
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dorsal interossei
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List the muscle that is the prime mover for abduction of the proximal phalanx at the metacarparpal phalangeal joints for finger #5.
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abductor digiti minimi
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List the muscle group that is the prime mover for adduction of the proximal phalanx at the metacarparpal phalangeal joints for fingers 2, 4, and 5.
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palmar interossei
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for flexion of the proximal phalanx of the thumb at the metacarpal phalangeal of the thumb.
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flexor pollicis longusflexor pollicis brevis
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb at the interphalangeal of the thumb.
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extensor pollicis brevisextensor pollicis longus
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for extension of the distal phalanx of the thumb at the interphalangeal of the thumb.
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extensor pollicis longus
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List two muscles that are the prime movers for abduction first metacarpal (the thumb) at the first carpometacarpal joint. Please number your responses.
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abductor pollicis longusabductor pollicis brevis
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List one muscle that is the prime movers for adduction first metacarpal (the thumb) at the first carpometacarpal joint. Please number your responses.
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adductor pollicis
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List three muscles that are the prime movers for flexion of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint.
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1. Psoas Major2.Iliacus3.rectus femorus
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List four muscles that are the prime movers for extension of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint.
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1. semimembranosis2. semitendanosis3. Gluteus Maximus4. Bicep femorus
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List two muscles that are the prime movers for abduction of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint
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1. Adductor Magnus2. Adductor Longest3. Adductor Brevis4. pectinus5.garcialis
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List one muscle that is the prime mover for medial (internal) rotation of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint.
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gluteus minimus
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List seven muscles that are the prime movers for lateral (external) rotation of the femur at the acetabulofemoral joint.
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1. Obturator Internus2. Obturator Externus3. germelus Inferior4. Germelus superior5. Glutius Maximus6. pieriformus7. quadratus femorial
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List three joint movements that are produced at the hip by contraction of Sartorius.
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1. flexion2. Abduction3. External rotation
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List the four carpal bones that comprise the proximal row of the carpals from the radial to the ulnar side of the wrist.
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1. scaphoid2. lunate3. triqutrum4. pisaform
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List the four carpal bones that comprise the distal row of the carpals from the radial to the ulnar side of the wrist.
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1. trapezium2. trapazoid3. capitate4. hamate
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Name the four muscles that are located in the thenar eminence of the hand.
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1. opponens pollices2. Adductor pollices3. flexor pollicis brevis4. Abductor pollicis brevis
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What is the direction of the glide of proximal row of the carpals on the radius during wrist flexion?
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dorsal/ posterior
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What is the direction of the glide of the head of the femur on the acetabulum during abduction?
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Inferior
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What is the direction of the glide of the middle phalanx on the proximal phalanx during flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joint?
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anterior/palmar/volar
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Which of the following motions are most limited by the ligaments that surround the acetabulofemoral joint?
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extension
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A person is standing on the ground and is preparing to climb a ladder. Which of the following muscle contractions occurs at the right hip as the person lifts the right leg to place their foot on the first rung of the ladder?
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concentric contraction of iliacus and psoas major
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A person is standing on a step stool. Which of the following muscle contractions occurs in the right hip as the person steps down while leading with the left lower extremity?
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eccentric contraction of gluteus maximus
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A patient exhibits medial rotation of the right hip and the right lower extremity is longer than the left lower extremity. Which of the following deformities may be present in the right hip?
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coxa valga
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Which of the following positions represents the position of active insufficiency for grasp?
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wrist flexion with finger flexion
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Which of the following bony landmarks is the insertion of biceps femoris?
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head of the fubula
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Which of the following bony landmarks is the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
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lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Which of the following bony landmarks is the origin of the rectus femoris?
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anterior inferior iliac spine
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Which of the following bony landmarks is the insertion of adductor magnus
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linea aspera of the femur
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Which of the following ligaments is stretched during wrist extension?
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palmar radiocarpal
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A patient has a joint deformity in their index finger in which the proximal interphalangeal joint is hyperextended and the distal interphalangeal joint is in flexion. Which one of the following terms BEST describes this deformity?
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swan neck deformity
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Which one of the following positions BEST describes the close packed position of the acetabulofemoral joint?
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extension with adduction
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ROM for shoulder
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0-180
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ROM for extension of the shoulder
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0-60
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ROM for abduction of the shoulder
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0-180
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The normal ROM for lateral (external) rotation of the humerus is ____ degrees.
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0-90
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The normal ROM for medial (internal) rotation of the humerus is _____ degrees.
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0-80
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The normal ROM for elbow flexion is _____ degrees.
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0-150
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The normal ROM for the supination of the forearm is _____ degrees.
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0-80
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The normal ROM for pronation of the forearm is ____ degrees.
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0-80
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List three prime muscles that are responsible for flexion.of the humerus Please number your responses.
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1. pectorals major2. anterior fibers of the deltoid3. coricobreacealis
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List two prime muscles responsible for extension of the humerus.
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1. posterior fibers of the deltoid2. lattisamus dorsi
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List two prime muscles responsible for abduction of the humerus
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1. middle fibers of the deltoid2. supraspantis
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List two prime muscles that are responsible for lateral (external) rotation of the humerus
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1. infraspantus2. teres major
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List two prime muscles that are responsible for medial (internal) rotation of the humerus.
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1. subscapularis2. pectoralis major
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List one prime muscle that is responsible for horizontal abduction of the humerus.
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posterior fibers of the deltoid
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List two prime muscles that are responsible for elevation of the scapula.
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1. levator scapula2. upper fibers of the trapezius
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List one prime muscle that is responsible for retraction (adduction) of the scapula.
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middle fibers of the trapezium
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List one prime muscle that is responsible for protraction (abduction) of the scapula.
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pectoralis minor
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List one prime muscle that is reponsible for abduction with upward rotation of the scapula.
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serratus anterior
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List two prime muscles that are responsible for adduction with downward rotation of the scapula.
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1. rhomboid major2. rhomboids minor
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List one prime muscle that is repsonsible for extension of the elbow.
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triceps brachii
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List three prime muscles that are responsible for flexion of the elbow.
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biceps brachiibrachioradialisbrachialis
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Name three muscles that make up the rotator cuff.
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1. supraspantis2. infraspantis3. teres minor
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Discuss why the action of the rotator cuff is important for normal function of the shoulder joint?
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the muscles of the rotator cuff are important to the glenohumeral joint during flextion and abduction in response to keeping the head of the humerus snug in the GH joint and preventing subluxation
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List two prime muscles responsible for pronation of the forearm.
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Pronator teresPronator Quadratus
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List two prime muscles that are responsible for supination of the forearm.
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1. bicep bracii 2. supinator
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What is scapulohumeral rhythm and what is its significance related to the function of the shoulder girdle and the glenohumeral joint?.
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for every 2' of glenohumeral Jt movement you have 1' of scapulohumeral movement. So during Shoulder Abduction, the first 25'-30' of Abduction it's all GH Jt movement, then the next 125' are scapulohumeral Jt movement, finished with the last 25'-30' is Gh Jt movement. the two joints work together in order to compleate full ROM.
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List the three muscles that act as a force couple for downward rotation of the scapula.
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1.Rhomboids major and Minor2. pectoralis Minor3. levator scapula
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List a muscle that is named by its location.
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middle fibers of the deltoidupper fibers of the trapezius
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List a muscle that is named by its shape.
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trapeziusserratus anterior
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List a muscle that is named by its action.
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gluteus maximusadductor magnus
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Describe the sequence of events that occurs for a muscle to contract by describing the process from the brain to the muscle fiber.
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the brain sends a efferent signal to the spine, followed by a signal sent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium is then released to neutralize the troponin and tropomyosine where actin and myosin can now cross over each other thus creating a "contraction"
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What is the direction of the glide of the head of the humerus on the glenoid fossa of the scapula during medial (internal) rotation of the humerus?
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posterior
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Which of the following ligaments is most likely to limit retraction of the scapula?
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sternoclavicular
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Which one of the following characteristics is typically found in fast twitch muscle fibers?
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One motor nerve will innervate many of these muscle fibers (large innervation ratio).
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Which of the following anatomical landmarks is the insertion for pectoralis minor?
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coracoid process of the scapula
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Which of the following occurs when the amount of the load that a muscle is moving is increased?
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the velocity (speed) of the muscle contraction will decrease (become slower).
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Which of the following is a characteristic that is found in an isokinetic muscle activity?
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The speed of motion remains constant during the activity.
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Which of the following terms BEST describes the weight of the body part that is moved when a muscle contracts?
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load
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Which one of the following bony landmarks is the origin of the middle fibers of the trapezius?
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the spinous processes of C7-T3
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Which one of the following bony landmarks is the insertion point of supraspinatus?
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greater tubercle of the humerus
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Which one of the following bony landmarks is an origin of the pronator teres?
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medial epicondyle of the humerus
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A person is the standing position. The right humerus is flexed to 90 degrees at the glenohumeral joint. The person slowly lowers their arm towards their side. Which one of the following types of muscle contractions is represented by this action?
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eccentric contraction of the shoulder flexors
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Which one of the following glides occurs during elbow extension?
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posterior/inferior glide of the ulna on the humerus
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What is the direction of the glide of the head of the humerus on the glenoid fossa of the scapula during adduction of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint?
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superior
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The head of the radius articulates with which one of the following bony landmarks?
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capitulum
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Which one of the following statements about muscle physiology is TRUE?
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Troponin and tropomyosin prevent actin and myosin from combining.
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Which one of the following statements about the regulation of calcium in the body is TRUE?
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Parathormone is released in response to low levels of calcium in the blood.
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Which one of the following terms is used to describe a muscle contraction that is occurring while the muscle is gradually lengthening?
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eccentric
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Which one of the following statements about the motor unit is TRUE?
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The muscles fibers are resistant to fatigue.
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What is the direction of the glide of the clavicle on the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint during protraction (abduction) of the scapula?
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posterior |
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The biceps is actively insufficient to create elbow flexion in which one of the following positions?
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shoulder flexion with elbow flexion
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