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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three (3) Biomechanical Principles? |
- Mechanical Principles |
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What are the three (3) subcategories to Mechanical Principles? |
- Kinematics |
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What Biomechanical Principle stems from classical physics based on Sir Isaac Newton till the era of Einstein (non-inclusive)? |
Mechanical Principles |
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What Biomechanical Principle stems from Newton's 2nd Law? |
Biological Principles |
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What is Newton's 2nd Law? |
- How objects will behave in the universe |
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What is the equation for Newton's 2nd Law? |
Force = Mass x Acceleration |
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When referring to human power, what is the Force in Newton's 2nd Law? |
Human Tissue |
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Which mechanical principle subcategory describes motion without caring what caused the motion? |
Kinematics |
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Which mechanical principle subcategory is the bridge between kinematics and kinetics? |
Inertia and Momentum |
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What are the five (5) important variables in Kinematics for describing motion? |
1. Time |
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What mechanical principle subcategory is focused on the causes of motion? |
Kinetics |
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Within kinematics, what is time? |
"Time is the thing that prevents everything from happening at once." |
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Within kinematics, what is position? |
Location in a frame of reference |
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Within kinematics, what is a frame of reference? |
A comparable location point in which to identify and relate to another position or location containing origin points and directions. |
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Within kinematics, what is displacement? |
Change in location |
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Within kinematics, when can displacement and distance be used interchangeably? |
Going in a straight line in one direction (no changing directions) |
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Within kinematics, what is distance? |
The route taken to reach a location |
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Within kinematics, what is velocity? |
How quickly you are changing positions |
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Within kinematics, what is acceleration? |
Change in velocity and time |
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What is it called to speed up? |
Accelerating |
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What is it called to slow down? |
Decelerating |
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Acceleration causes a change in.... |
Velocity |
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Velocity causes a change in... |
Position |
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In what two (2) categories can you view kinematics? |
- Linear motion |
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What motion type travels in, more or less, a straight line? |
Linear motion |
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What motion type rotates about a certain axis? |
Angular motion |
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Describe what an angular motion. |
An object moving about a fixed point, rotating on a certain axis |
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What is the fixed point of a rotating object? |
Axis of rotation |
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What type of motion will have the body moving at the same speed? |
Linear motion |
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What type of motion do our joints perform? |
Angular motion |
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What is the position/frame of reference of the human body? |
Anatomical Position |
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Moving a joint or bone from point A to point B is considered.. |
Displacement |
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If you are going from a more flexed to a less flexed position, what displacement is needed? |
Extension |
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What is Newton's First Law? |
An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force. |
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What mechanical principle subcategory does Newton's first law refer to? |
Inertia |
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What is a resistance to change in velocity? |
Inertia |
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What is mass? |
The amount of "stuff" we are made up of |
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A force due to gravity and will only act in a downward motion, related to the mass of the Earth. |
Weight |
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What is a measure of inertia for a body that is not moving? |
Mass |
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What is a measure of inertia for a body that is moving? |
Momentum |
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What two (2) factors combine that determines the resistance to change on a moving object? |
Mass and Velocity |
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What two (2) factors make up momentum? |
Mass and Velocity |
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Is it harder to rotate an object when the mass is further away from the axis of rotation? |
Yes |
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Which biomechanical principal divides the body into different segments that are articulated together? |
Multi-Segmental Principles |
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If there is a fixed axis of rotation, then there will be a _________ moment of inertia. |
Fixed |
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What is moment of inertia? |
The mass and how it is distributed |
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How can you make the moment of inertia less at the shoulder, allowing for easier movement? |
Flexing the elbow (brings the body segments closer to the axis of rotation) |
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Why does extending your elbow make it harder to move your shoulder? |
There is more mass further away from the axis of rotation at the shoulder and the body segments are further away |
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How do you decrease the moment of inertia? |
Bringing the body segments closer to the axis of rotation |
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Extending out your segments will increase the moment of inertia and thusly make it ________ for rotation |
Harder |
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We have displacement because we have velocity, acceleration causes velocity, what causes acceleration? |
Force |
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What is force? |
A push or pull by one body on another |
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The sum of all forces acting on a body, determines whether or not you are accelerating |
Effective force (net force) |
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How must force be applied in order to be effective? |
Applied over time and over distance |
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What is a push or pull by one body on another? |
Force |
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What is Mass x Velocity? |
Momentum |
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What would happen if you increase the amount of time over which a force is applied? |
There will be a decrease in the overall magnitude of the force for the same change of momentum |
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What is an Impulse? |
A combination of force and time which results in a change of momentum |
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What would happen if you decrease the time over which a force is applied? |
There will be an increase in the overall magnitude of the force for the same change of momentum |
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If a person lands stiff/hard from a jump, what would the impulse (force and time) relationship be? |
There is a decrease of time in which the force is being applied, resulting in an increase in the magnitude of the force during the change of momentum |
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If a person lands softly from a jump, what would the impulse (force and time) relationship be? |
By bending the knees during the landing, there is an increase in time in which the force is being applied, resulting in a decrease of the overall magnitude of the force during the change of momentum |
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What are the two (2) types of mechanical energy? |
- Potential Energy |
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What is the capacity to change or to make things change? |
Energy |
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Which type of Mechanical Energy is associated with position (above the ground)? |
Potential Energy |
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Holding a tennis ball above your head represents what kind of Mechanical Energy? |
Potential Energy |
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What Mechanical Energy is associated with movement? |
Kinetic Energy |
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Playing basketball would be an example of what type of Mechanical Energy? |
Kinetic Energy |
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Describing the state of something; Describing how much or how little something is |
Energy |
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What is the process by which we change energy? |
Work |
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Force and Displacement |
Work |
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Force and Time |
Impulse |
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What is the relationship between force and displacement when associated with Work? |
The larger the displacement the more work that can be done |
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Explain why our classmate was able to jump higher when he bent his knees to jump, versus when he did not while he was utilizing the same amount of force? |
When he bent his knees to jump, he was actually increasing the displacement, which resulted in the ability to do more work with the same amount of force, thusly generating more energy |
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Describe what is occurring when a person jump and lands stiff? |
There is a small amount of displacement, resulting in a larger amount of force for the amount of energy being absorbed |
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What are the two (2) things you can do with energy? |
- Generate energy |
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What does it mean to generate energy? |
Increasing the amount of energy |
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What does it mean to absorb energy? |
Decreasing the amount of energy |
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What occurs when the force and displacement are in the same direction? |
Generate energy |
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Why does jumping generate energy? |
The displacement and force are going in the same direction. Force was being generated coming up from the ground, causing him to travel up. He was increasing his energy by doing work |
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Why do you absorb energy when you land from a jump? |
The displacement and force are going in opposite directions. The force was still being directed upwards, while the displacement is directed to the ground. |
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During a tug of war match, Team A is winning and Team B is losing, which team is generating force and which team is absorbing force, and why? |
- Team A is generating force because the displacement (change in location) and force are going in the same direction (away from Team B) |
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What is the rate at which you are either increasing or decreasing the amount of energy? |
Power |
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High power is a result of |
Increasing or Decreasing the amount of energy very quickly |
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What is the amount of energy you put into something versus the amount of energy you get out of something |
Efficiency |
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Ratio- Energy Out:Energy In |
Efficiency |
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Why is nothing 100% efficient? |
Because we will always put more energy in, than we will get out. There will be a loss of energy in the form of heat |
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What is the turing (rotating) effect of a force? |
Torque |
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What is torque? |
The turning (rotating) effect of a force |
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How can you generate a larger torque? |
Use a larger force |
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What is the lever arm concept? |
The further away you are from the axis of rotation, the more effective the force will be |
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How does the length of the lever arm effect torque? |
The longer the lever arm the more effective the force will be to generate the torque |
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What are the three (3) factors that will effect torque? |
- The magnitude of the force |
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What three (3) factors are involved in angular motion? |
- Torque |
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What is the best angle for the effectiveness of torque? |
Perpendicular to the plane of movement of the object |
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During a biceps curl, at what point would it be the most difficult to hold? |
- At a 90 degree angle, because the mass is farthest away from the axis of rotation |
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During a squat, where in the range of motion will it be the most difficult? |
At the bottom, because the gravity effect in relation to torque will be more difficult. The weight stays the same, but there is a change turning effect (torque) of the weight on the joints |
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What is angular impulse? |
Torque has to be applied over time |
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What is angular work? |
In order for torque to be effective, it must be applied over distance |
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What is angular force? |
In order for a torque to be effective it must be applied over time or over a distance |
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How does generating and absorbing energy differ from linear motion and angular motion? |
It doesn't. They are the same. |
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What are the three (3) ways your muscles can work with gravity? |
- Speed of gravity |
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How can you go faster than gravity? |
Need to generate a torque in the same direction as gravity |
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How can you go slower than gravity? |
Need to generate torque that goes away from gravity |
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How can you go the speed of gravity? |
Any torque created by muscles needs to be equal to the torque that is being created by gravity |
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What is the difference between linear and angular motion? |
- Linear: Every point on the object will have the same velocity |
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What is a Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC)? |
- Muscle |
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How is torque created? |
The tendons that are attached to the muscle and bone, pull the bone to generate movement |
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What are the four (4) functions of a Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC)? |
1. Motor (Generate Energy) |
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If an athlete does a calf raise which causes his head to elevate, what function of the Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC) is responsible for the transference of energy? |
Strut (Transfer Energy) |
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What is the only thing a muscle can do when it contracts? |
Pull, in an attempt to bring its two ends together |
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What are the three (3) actions of muscles? |
- Concentric |
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Name the muscle action: |
Concentric (ex. flexion during a bicep curl) |
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Name the muscle action: |
Eccentric (ex. extension during a bicep curl) |
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Name the muscle action: |
Isometric (ex. pushing against a wall) |
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What muscle action goes with the motor function of a muscle? |
Concentric |
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What muscle action goes with the brake function of a muscle? |
Eccentric |
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What muscle action goes with the strut function of a muscle? |
Isometric |
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What muscle action goes with the spring function of a muscle? |
- Eccentric to Concentric |
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If a basketball player bends at the knees and then immediately jumps, what muscle function and action is he demonstrating'? |
- Function: Spring (Reuse Energy) |
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What is the basic functional unit of a Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC)? |
Sarcomere |
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What are the two (2) filaments in a sarcomere? |
- Actin (Thin Filament) |
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What are sarcomeres that are stacked together? |
Muscle fiber |
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What covers the outside of the muscle fiber? |
Epimysium |
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What are muscle fibers that are stacked together? |
Bundle or Fascicle |
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What covers the outside of the bundle or fascicle? |
Perimysium |
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What are a group of bundles or fascicles stacked together? |
Muscle |
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What are the three (3) organizational layers of a Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC)? |
- Muscle fiber |
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What are the three (3) fascial layers in the Muscle Tendon Complex (MTC)? |
- Epimysium (Fiber) |
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What is on either end of the muscle belly? |
Tendon |
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What are the characteristics of a tendon? |
- Connective tissue |
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What causes movement? |
The muscle causes tension while the tendon pulls on the bone to create movement |
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What are the two (2) components in a Muscle Complex Tendon (MCT)? |
- Contractile component |
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What are the two (2) elastic component types of a Muscle Complex Tendon (MCT) ? |
- Series elastic component |
