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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 11 organ systems of the human body |
- Respiratory |
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What is Gross anatomy? |
Study of structures without the aid of a microscope |
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What is posture? |
- The alignment or position of the body and its parts. |
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What is mobility? |
Ability to go through a range of motion. |
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How are movements controlled? |
The nervous system sends the correct commands for the correct movements to occur. |
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What four (4) factors effect movement? |
- Posture |
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What are the four (4) types of tissue? |
- Epithelial |
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What are the three (3) functions of epithelial tissues? |
- Cover and line body surfaces |
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What are the six (6) types of connective tissues? |
- Adipose |
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What are the three (3) types of cartilage? |
- Articular |
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What are the two types of bones? |
- Spongy (Tubercular) |
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What are ligaments? |
Connective tissue that: |
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What are tendons? |
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
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What are the three (3) parts of the tendon? |
- Osteo (Attached to the bone) |
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What are the four (4) parts of the nervous system that were discussed in class? |
- Communications system |
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What are the three (3) planes of movement? |
- Sagittal Plane |
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The sagittal plane divides the body into what sections? |
Left and Right (in half) sections |
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The frontal plane divides the body into what sections? |
Anterior and posterior sections |
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The transverse plane divides the body into what sections? |
Superior and inferior sections |
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What are the five (5) functions of bones? |
- Structural support |
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In the simplest terms, what is the bone made up of? |
Cells |
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What cells are in the bone? |
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells |
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What are osteocytes? |
Mature bone cells |
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What are osteoblasts? |
Cells that lay down new bone cells |
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What are osteoclasts? |
Cells that absorb old bone cells |
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What is a general loss of bone called? |
Osteopenia |
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What is a severe loss of bone called? |
Osteoporosis |
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What are the three (3) layers of bone? |
- Periosteum (Outside) |
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Bone arranged in struts and criss-cross sections is called? |
Spongy bone (Trabecular bone) |
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What type of bone is laid down to make a bone stronger? |
Spongy bone (Trabecular bone) |
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What is an individual strut of trabecular bone called? |
Trabecula |
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What are the three (3) parts of a long bone? |
- Epiphysis (Ends) |
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In general, what are the two way you can maintain bone health or make it last longer? |
- Increase bone mass density when you are younger |
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At what age do you reach your peak bone mass density? |
Early 20's |
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What is the relationship between time and your bone mass density? |
Over time your bone mass density will increase and then decrease once you have reached your peak bone mass density. |
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What can a person do to help maintain/slow down their bone density mass loss? |
- High impact exercise |
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What factors negatively impact bone mass density? |
- Aging |
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What three (3) components does the Female Athlete Triad syndrome consist of? |
- Amenorrhoea (no menstrual cycle) |
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What are the five (5) shapes of bones? |
- Long bones (More rectangular shaped) |
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What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
Skull, Vertebral Column, and Thoracic Cage |
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
Upper and lower extremities |
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What is osteology? |
The study of bones |
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What is a joint? |
The area where two bones articulate (come together) |
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What are the three (3) functional classification joints? |
- Synarthrosis (No Movement) |
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What type of movement does synarthrosis joints perform? |
No movement |
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What type of movement does amphiarthroses joints perform? |
Little movement |
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What type of movement does diarthrosis joints perform? |
Freely movable |
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What are the three (3) structural classification joints? |
- Fibrous |
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What are the two types of fibrous joints? |
- Sutures |
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? |
- Synchondroses |
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What are syndesmosis joints? |
Fibrous joints that are bound by ligaments and contain no joint capsule |
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What are synchondroses joints? |
A cartilaginous joint where cartilage between two bones meet |
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What are symphysis joints? |
A cartilaginous joint where there is a fusion between two bones. Cartilaginous pad is formed between the two. (i.e. Pubis symphysis) |
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What types of structural classified joint goes with the functional classified joint diarthroses? |
Synovial joints |
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What types of structural classified joint goes with the functional classified joint synarthrosis ? |
Sutures |
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What types of structural classified joint goes with the functional classified joint amphiarthroses? |
- Syndesmosis |
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How many bones are needed to create a synovial joint? |
Two (2) Bones |
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Generally, what are two (2) types of bone ends will a synovial joint have? |
Concave and Convex |
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What type of cartilage will cover the bone ends in regards to a synovial joint? |
Articular cartilage |
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What type of tissue is the joint capsule consist of? |
Fibrous connective tissue |
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Does the joint capsule surround one or both ends of the two articulating bones? |
Both |
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What is the lining inside of the joint membrane called? |
Synovial membrane |
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What is the space inside the joint capsule called? |
Joint cavity |
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What type of fluid is located within the joint cavity? |
Synovial fluid |
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What is the function of the joint capsule? |
Minimize friction between the two articulating bones |
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What are the three (3) ligaments of a synovial joint? |
- Extracapsular (Outside of joint capsule) |
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What are the two (2) accessory structures in some synovial joints? |
- Cartilaginous pads (Stability) |
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What are cartilaginous pads? |
They are accessory structures of synovial joins, made up of fibrocartilage, with a purpose to deepen the concave surfaces of the bone to allow more stability. |
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What are the accessory structures of some synovial joints that help to minimize friction of ligaments/tendons that cross joints? |
- Fat Pad (filled with adipose tissue) |
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How many axis define a plane? |
Two (2) |
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True or False: The axis of rotation origin movement occurs in the perpendicular plane |
True |
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Movement in the sagittal plan occurs in the ______ axis |
Lateral/Medial axis |
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Movement in the transverse plan occurs in the ______ axis |
Longitudinal axis |
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Movement in the frontal plan occurs in the ______ axis |
Anterior/Posterior axis |
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Flexion and extension movements occur in which plane? |
Sagittal plane |
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Abduction and adduction movements occur in which plane? |
Frontal plane |
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Internal and external rotation occur in which plane? |
Transverse plane |
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What are the three (3) types of muscle? |
- Cardiac |
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What bones make up the proximal carpal row? |
- Scaphoid (Lateral side-Thumb side) |
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What bones make up the distal carpal row? |
- Trapezium (Lateral side-Thumb side) |
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What is the acronym to help you remember the carpal bones? |
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle |
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Define Degrees of Freedom (DOF) |
- The number of planes a bone or joint can move in |
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What is the most degrees of freedoms a joint can have? |
Three (3) |
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What is the amplitude of movement you have within a degree of freedom? |
Range of Motion (ROM) |
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How do you classify synovial joints? |
By their degrees of freedom |
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Each plane represents how many degrees of freedom? |
One (1) |
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A planar joint (gliding joint) has how many degrees of freedom? |
Zero (0) |
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What type of synovial joint has zero (0) degrees of freedom? |
Planar joint (aka gliding joint) |
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How many degrees of freedom do hinge and pivot joints have? |
One (1) |
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What type of synovial joints has one (1) degree of freedom? |
- Hinge joint |
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What direction will the axis of rotation be on a hinge joint? |
Perpendicular to the long bone |
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What direction will the axis of rotation be on a pivot joint? |
Parallel to the long bone |
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What types of synovial joint have two (2) degrees of freedom? |
- Condyloid joint |
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What type of joint is convexed in both directions? |
Condyloid joint |
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What type of joint is concaved in both directions? |
Condyloid joint |
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If a joint is convexed or concaved in both directions, than it is considered what kind of joint? |
Condyloid joint |
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What type of joint is concaved in one direction and convexed in another? |
Saddle joint |
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How many degrees of freedom does a saddle and condyloid joint have? |
Two (2) |
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What type of synovial joint has three (3) degrees of freedom? |
Ball and socket joint |
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If a joint has more stability, it will generally have less ____________. |
Mobility |
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If a joint has more mobility, it will generally have less ____________. |
Stability |
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Where is the interphalangeal (IP) joint located? |
Between the 1st distal phalanx and the 1st proximal phalanx (fingers and toes) |
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Where is the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint located? |
Between the 2nd thru 5th distal phalanges and 2nd thru 5th middle phalanges (fingers and toes) |
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What joint is located between the 2nd thru 5th middle phalanges and the 2nd thru 5th proximal phalanges? (fingers an toes) |
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint |
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What movement are the interphalangeal joint responsible for? (fingers and toes) |
Flexion and Extension |
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Where is the axis of rotation located for the interphalangeal joints? (fingers and toes) |
Pass through the heads of the more proximal phalanges |
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What joint has an axis of rotation that pass through the heads of the more proximal phalanges? |
Interphalangeal (IP) joints |
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How many degrees of freedom do the interphalangeal joints have? |
One (1) |
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What joint is located between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges? |
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint |
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What movements can the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint perform? |
- Flexion and Extension |
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How many degrees of freedom does the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint have? |
Two (2) |
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What joint has their axis of rotation go through the metatarsal heads? |
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint |
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Which tarsal bones have planar joints associated with them? |
- Cuneiform |
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When two joints are located close together and function together it is called? |
Joint complex |
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Which joint is responsible for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion? |
Talocrural joint |
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Which joint is responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot? |
Subtalar joint |
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What joint is located between the talus and calcaneus? |
Subtalar joint |
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Where does the axis of rotation go through for the subtalar joint? |
Through the head of the talus |
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How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint have? |
One (1) |
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Where does the axis of rotation go through for the talocrural joint? |
Between the malleoli (lateral and medial malleolus) |
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What is the joint between the femur and tibia? |
Tibiofemoral joint |
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What movements occur at the tibiofemoral joint? |
- Flexion and Extension |
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What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint? |
Condyloid joint |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the extension and flexion movements at the tibiofemoral joint? |
Through the femoral epicondyles |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the internal and external rotation movements at the tibiofemoral joint? |
Through the shaft of the tibia |
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What joint is located at the patella and femur articulation? |
Patellofemoral joint |
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How many degrees of freedom does the patellofemoral joint have? |
Zero (0) |
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What is the name of the joint where the femur and pelvis (acetabulum) articulate? |
Hip (Coxafemoral joint) |
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How many degrees of freedom does the hip (coxafemoral joint) have? |
Three (3) |
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Where is the axis of rotation for all movements that occur at the hip (coxafemoral joint)? |
Each axis goes through the femoral head |
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What is a functional spinal unit (FSU)? |
Two (2) vertebrae and the intervertebral disc between them |
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What is the inside part of the intervertebral disc? |
Nucleus pulposus |
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What is the outside part of the intervertebral disc? |
Annulus fibrosus |
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How many joints are associated with a functional spinal unit (FSU)? |
Three (3) |
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What joint are associated with a functional spinal unit (FSU)? |
- Intervertebral joint (Symphysis joint) |
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What is the function of the facet joints? |
Guide some movements and prevent/limit other movements |
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Where are the axis of rotations located for the functional spinal unit (FSU)? |
Each axis of rotation goes through the anterior vertebral body of the superior vertebrae |
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What is responsible for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation at the neck/head? |
Craniocervical |
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What is responsible for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation at the trunk? |
Thoracolumbar |
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What is the first cervical vertebrae called? |
Atlas (C-1) |
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What is the second cervical vertebrae called? |
Axis (C-2) |
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What joints make up the shoulder complex? |
- Acromioclavicular (AC) joint |
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What is the articulation between the scapula and the thoracic wall and it important for shoulder movement? |
Scapulothoracic articulation |
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Motion at the shoulder involves what two (2) joints/articulations? |
- Glenohumeral (GH) joint |
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Motion at the scapulothoracic articulation involve what two (2) joints/articulations? |
- Acromioclavicular (AC) joint |
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What movements are the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint responsible for? |
- Elevation and Depression |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint? |
Axis of rotation goes through the center of the joint. (Anterior and Posterior axis) |
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What type of synovial joint is the sternoclavicular (SC) joint? |
Saddle joint |
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What movements are the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint responsible for? |
Upward and Downward rotation |
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What combination joints are needed to move the scapula? |
- Sternoclavicular (SC) joint |
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The Glenohumeral (GH) joint has three (3) degrees of motion, what type of synovial joint is it? |
Ball and socket joint |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the Glenohumeral (GH) joint? |
Every axis of rotation goes through the humeral head |
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In what axis does flexion and extension occur in? |
Medial and Lateral axis |
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In what axis does abduction and adduction occur in? |
Anterior and Posterior axis |
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In what axis does internal and external rotation occur in? |
Longitudinal axis |
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Why is this necessary for the Glenohumeral (GH) joint to be a freely moveable joint? |
We want the scapula to move so that it positions the Glenoid fossa so we can maintain maximal congruency between the Glenoid fossa and humeral head |
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What is it called to raise your arm above your head regardless of the plane? |
Elevation |
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What combination of movements are needed to elevate your arm above your head? |
- Elevation |
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What are the three (3) types of elevation? |
- Flexion |
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What movements occur during flexion elevation? |
- Elevation of the clavicle |
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What occurs at the scapula during protraction during flexion elevation? |
Moves the scapula forward so the scapula points the Glenoid fossa anteriorly |
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What movements occur during abduction elevation? |
- Elevation of the clavicle |
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What occurs at the scapula during retraction during abduction elevation? |
Moves the scapula backward so the Glenoid fossa points laterally |
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What plane does scaption elevation occur in? |
Half way between sagittal and frontal plane |
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What movements occur during scaption? |
- Elevation of the clavicle |
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Why doe scaption occur half way between the sagittal and frontal plane? |
Because the scapula is tilted |
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What is the purpose of scapular motion? |
- To point the Glenoid fossa in a particular direction |
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What movements can occur at the clavicle? |
- Protraction and Retraction |
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What joints make up the elbow complex? |
- Humeroradial joint |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the humeroradial joint and the humeroulnar joint? |
Axis of rotation goes through the humeral epicondyle |
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What type of joint is the elbow complex and what movement can occur? |
Hinge joint (flexion/extension) |
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What joint is at the forearm? |
Proximal radioulnar joint |
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What joint has the axis of rotation that goes through the head of the radius? |
Proximal radioulnar joint |
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What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar and what movement can occur? |
Pivot joint (Pronation/Supination) |
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What joint is between the distal radius/ulna and carpal bones? |
Wrist |
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How many degrees of freedom does the wrist have? |
Two (2) |
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What movements occur at the wrist? |
- Flexion/Extension (Medial/Lateral axis) |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the wrist? |
Both go through the capitate of the distal carpal row |
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Which plane does radial and ulnar deviation take place in? |
Frontal plane (anterior/posterior axis) |
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Where is the carpometacarpal joint located? |
Between the carpal rows and the metacarpal bones |
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What is the joint between the metacarpals and phalanges? |
Metacarpophalangeal joints |
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What movements occur at the metacarpophalangeal joint? |
- Flexion/Extension |
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Where is the axis of rotation for the two (2) movements at the metacarpophalangeal joint? |
Metacarpal heads |
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Which carpometacarpal joint is different? |
1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb) |
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What movements occur at the 1st carpometacarpal joint? |
- Flexion and Extension |
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What is the motion for adduction and abduction at the 1st carpometacarpal joint? |
- Adduction is thumb movement away from the palm |
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What does it mean when the proximal joint is moving on the distal end? |
- Proximal bone/joint moves while the distal bone/joint stays relatively still |
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What does it mean when the distal joint/end is moving on the proximal end? |
- Distal bone/joint moves while the proximal bone/joint stays relatively still |
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What is circumduction? |
Combining four (4) movements to create a circular movement |
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What is opposition? |
Bringing the thumb to the little finger |
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What are the different types of horizontal movements? |
- Horizontal adduction/abduction |
