Kaplan's Dental Hygiene Board Review Chapter 3

Front 1

starch digestion begins in the mouth by the enzyme ___

Back 1

salivary amylase

Front 2

the stomach has ___ cells that produce hydrochloric acid to aid in killing microorganisms and protien digestion

Back 2

perietal

Front 3

the stomach has ___ cells that produce mucous protecting the stomach lining from the acidity of the hydrochloric acid

Back 3

goblet

Front 4

the chief cells of the stomach produce ___ which aids in protien digestion

Back 4

pepsinogen

Front 5

protien in the stomach that aids in absorption of B12

Back 5

intrinsic factor

Front 6

the only thing absorbed in the stomach is:

Back 6

water
few ions
some drugs

Front 7

the main function of the stomach is to liquify food into ___ which is a semi-solid

Back 7

chyme

Front 8

when pepsinogen is combined with hydrochloric acid in the stomach, the pepsinogen is converted into __.

Back 8

pepsin

Front 9

alcholics lack intrinsic factor to absorb B12 and are susceptible to _____

Back 9

pernicious anemia

Front 10

___ hydrolyzes fatty acids from triglycerides

Back 10

gastric lipase

Front 11

there are no __ digestive enzymes in the stomach

Back 11

starch

Front 12

the _____ of the inferior stomach, prevents backflow of chyme from the intestine

Back 12

phyloric sphincter

Front 13

the small intestine consists of:

Back 13

duodenum
jejunum
ileum
cecum

Front 14

food is moved along the small intestine by ___ which is a wave like contraction of the smooth muscle

Back 14

peristalsis

Front 15

in the small intestine, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are enzymes which aid in starch digestion

Back 15

pancreatic amylase
sucrase
lactase
maltase

Front 16

hydrolyzes protiens and polypeptides in the sm intestine

Back 16

trypsin

Front 17

in sm intestine, ___ hydrolyzes fatty acids from triglycerides

Back 17

pancreatic lipase

Front 18

in sm intestine, ___ hydrolyzes lecithin into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Back 18

lecithinase

Front 19

Any Vitamin K that is absorbed by the bacterial flora goes to the liver to produce ___, necessary for blood clotting

Back 19

prothrombin

Front 20

blood goes into the liver through the __ artery and is carried away by the ____ vein.

Back 20

hepatic

hepatic portal

Front 21

bile is produced by the ___ and stored by the ___.

Back 21

liver

gallbladder

Front 22

bile contains ____ acids which emulsify fats

Back 22

ampiphilic

Front 23

breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC by the liver

Back 23

bilirubin

Front 24

In patients with liver disfunction the liver will not break down the bilirubin and it builds up in the bloodstream causing the patient to become __.

Back 24

jaundice

Front 25

the spincter of __ controls the flow of bile out of the gallbladder and is joined with the pancreatic duct into the small intestine

Back 25

oddi

Front 26

bone, cartilage, and connective tissues are derived form the ___

Back 26

mesenchyme

Front 27

4 type of bones:

Back 27

short
long
flat
irregular

Front 28

long bones have an __ at either end and a __ which surrounds each medulliary cavity

Back 28

epiphysis

diaphysis

Front 29

the __ surrounds and protects the bone

Back 29

periosteum

Front 30

tendons attach __ to __

Back 30

bones to muscle

Front 31

ligaments attach __ to __

Back 31

bone to bone

Front 32

the spinal column contains __cervical, __thoracic, __lumbar, __sacral,and __ coccygeal vertebrae.

Back 32

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4-5 coccygeal

Front 33

the axial skeleton contains:

Back 33

skull
spinal column
sternum
ribs

Front 34

c1 is named the __ which allows for an up and down motion of the head

Back 34

atlas

Front 35

c2 is named the __ which allows for a side to side motion of the head

Back 35

axis

Front 36

the endocrine glands are __ and produce hormones

Back 36

ductless

Front 37

The pancreatic endocrine portion consists of the isles of Langerhans which has alpha cells that produce __ and beta cells that produce __

Back 37

glucagon

insulin

Front 38

the exocrine portion of the pancreas produces pancreatic fluid made up of:

Back 38

sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes ph)

pancreatic lipase (hydrolize fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides)

pancreatic amylase (hydrolyze starches into maltose)

protease (digest protiens)

Front 39

the largest lyphoid organ is the __ that functions to filter out old RBC

Back 39

spleen

Front 40

the __ is located below the sternum and can not be palpated. It is divided into two parts the cortex and the medulla

Back 40

thymus

Front 41

the medulla of the thymus is invoved with maturing lymphocytes into __ cells. the medulla is most active in childhood and atrophies with age

Back 41

T cells

Front 42

the hypothalamus produces __ and __ hormones

Back 42

oxytocin
antidiuretic

Front 43

The nephrons of the glomerulus is surrounded by the ___

Back 43

bowmans capsule

Front 44

the heart starts beating in utero at __ days

Back 44

22

Front 45

in utero there is an opening between the two atria called the ___ because the lungs are not yet functioning an the blood is oxygenated via the placenta

Back 45

fossa ovalis

Front 46

The heart has the ability to conduct electricity therefore it has specialized cells that is involuntary striated muscle and myocardial cells joined together by ___

Back 46

intercalated discs

Front 47

layers of the heart from exterior to interior

Back 47

pericardial sac
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Front 48

in dentistry, patients for the bacterial infection, ___ must be premedicated with an antibiotic

Back 48

endocarditis

Front 49

arteries always carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the __ arteries

Back 49

pulmonary

Front 50

viens always carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of the __ veins.

Back 50

pulmonary

Front 51

the valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle is called:

Back 51

tricuspid valve

Front 52

Which valves of the heart are open at the same time?

Back 52

When the tricuspid and bicuspid are open, the aortic and pulmonic are closed, and vice versa.

Front 53

bradycardia is when the heart beat is lower than __ beats per minute

Back 53

60

Front 54

tachycardia is when the heart beat is higher than 100 beats per minute

Back 54

100

Front 55

bodys natural pacemaker

Back 55

sa node

Front 56

the electrical current of the heart travels from the SA node to the ___. From there it is transmitted to the bundle of his which divides and then it travels to the ____.

Back 56

AV node

Purkinge fibers

Front 57

the __ nervous system increases the heart rate and the __ nervous system decreases the heart rate.

Back 57

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Front 58

the upper resperatory tract consists of:

Back 58

nose
pharynx
larynx

Front 59

the lower resperatory tract consists of:

Back 59

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Front 60

How is the drainage of blood from the small intestine different than other veins? Why?

Back 60

All veins go to the heart via the inferior or superior vena cava, except for veins exiting the small intestines. They drain into the hepatic portal vein, then to a second set of capillary beds into the liver.

This is where monosaccharides are converted into glycogen in the liver.

Front 61

What is the name of the pancreatic duct?

Back 61

duct of Wirsung

Front 62

Name the area between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Back 62

metaphysis

Front 63

What is included in the appendicular skeletal system?

Back 63

Upper extremities
shoulders, scapulae, clavicles, humeri, radii, ulnae, carpals(8), metacarpals(5), and phalanges(14)
Lower extremities
hips, femur, patella, tibia,fibula, tarsals(7), metatarsals(5), and phalanges(14)

Front 64

What role does glucagon play when glucose in blood gets too low? How is insulin involved?

Back 64

glucagon changes the glycogen, stored in the liver, to glucose to be utilized by cells to maintain life.
Insulin allows glucose to enter the cells

Front 65

What is the function of the parathyroid gland? How many ducts does it have?

Back 65

4 ducts
cheif cells produce PTH, which increases calcium ion concentration in blood.

Front 66

What is the importance of calcium in blood?

Back 66

It is necessary for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Calcium and phosphorus are necessary for bone and tooth formation.

Front 67

What happens in the loop of Henle?

Back 67

nutrients and electrolytes pass in and out between blood vessels and tubules, filtration takes place

Front 68

How do loop diuretics work?

Back 68

effects the glomerulus in the loop of henle by pushing the salt into the tubules and does not allow it back into circulation. Water follows the sodium and into the urine for a salty urine.

Front 69

Explain the cycle of blood into and out of the heart.

Back 69

Blood enters the heart via the superior or inferior vena cava, into the right atrium. From here it passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then travels thru the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arteries, and into the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the blood to the heart into the left atrium, thru the bicuspid or mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. It is then pumped back into the body via the aortic valve and aorta into circulation.

Front 70

Nerve impulses for the electrical stimulation of the heart are transmitted by the

Back 70

medulla oblongata

Front 71

The left and right bronchi split at the

Back 71

carina

Front 72

The central nervous system consists of

Back 72

brain and spinal cord

Front 73

The peripheral nervous system consists of

Back 73

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves which together control the autonomic and somatic NS

Front 74

What is the largest portion of the brain? What is it responsible for?

Back 74

cerebrum, conscious thought

Front 75

What is the second largest portion of the brain, and its function?

Back 75

cerebellum, coordination of muscle movement

Front 76

What makes up the brain stem?

Back 76

medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons

Front 77

What is the function of the medulla?

Back 77

regulates the respiratory system and circulatory system

Front 78

What is the function of the pons?

Back 78

relays messages from the cerbrum to the cerebellum and contains the body's sleep center, breathing

Front 79

What is the function of the midbrain?

Back 79

audio and visual pathways

Front 80

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves have a dorsal root and ventral root. What does this mean?

Back 80

S ensory=dorsal
A fferent=dorsal
M otor=ventral
E fferent=ventral

Front 81

Parts of the autonomic nervous system with functions?

Back 81

Sympathetic= fight or flight - releases norepinephrine over synapses and will increase blood pressure, heart rate, and shunt blood away from digestive tract
Parasympathetic=vegetative state - conserves energy - uses acetylcholine to maintain normal function

Front 82

Tiny spaces between dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another. What communicates between them?

Back 82

synapses
neurotransmitters