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232 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Main groups included in the head and neck anatomy (11)

-osteology


-nervous system


-muscles


-TMJ


-circulatory system


-lymphatics


-histology/embryology


-tongue


-salivary glands


-odontogenesis


-tooth tissues

what are the bones of the neurocranium?


(6)

-frontal


-occipital


-ethmoid


-sphenoid


-temporal


-parietal


what are the 5 components of the temporal bone?

-mastoid process


-styloid process


-articular fossa and eminence


-stylomastoid foramen (VII)


-petrous portion (houses hearing components)

what part of the temporal bones house the hearing components

petrous portion

medial wall of the orbit

ethmoid

posterior wall of the orbit

sphenoid

medial floor of the orbit

maxillae

most medial bone of the orbit

lacrimal

lateral wall of the orbit

zygomatic

nonarticulated horeshoe shaped bone in the midline, inferior to mandible

hyoid bone

what are the 8 bones of the face?

-mandible


-maxillae


-vomer


-nasal


lacrimal


-zygomatic


-inferior nasal conchae


-palatine

bones that appear on the right and left side of the face are called

bilateral

what are the 3 landmarks of the sphenoid bone

-greater and less wings


-medial and lateral pterygoid plates


-hamulus

origin of medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

lateral pterygoid plate

projects from the medial pterygoid plate

hamulus

what are the 3 foramina of the sphenoid bone

-superior orbital fissure


-foramen rotundum


-foramen ovale

muscle attachment of mandible

genioglossus muscle

3 branches of the trigeminal nerve

V1 ophthalmic


V2 maxillary


V3 mandibular

what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

opthalmic

what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes tip of nose (nasociliary), eyes (lacrimal), and forehead (frontal)

ophthalmic

what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone

maxillary

what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes the upper teeth, nose, palate, mouth, cheek and temporal region

maxillary

what branch of the trigeminal nerve leaves the skull through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone

mandibular

what branch of the trigeminal nerve enters the mandible through the mandibular foramen

mandibular

what branch of the trigeminal nerve includes the muscles of mastication and lower teeth

mandibular

innervates temoralis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid muscles

anterior division of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

passes through the incisive foramen under the incsive papilla

nasopaltine

what nerve innervates the pulp of the mandibular teeth

inferior alveolar nerve

what nerve innervates the pulp and buccal of the maxillary molars

posterior superior alveolar nerve

what nerve innervates the pulp buccal of the maxillary premolars

middle superior alveolar nerve

what nerve innervates the pulp and facial gingiva of the maxillary anterior teeth

anterior superior alveolar nerve

innervation of the muscles of mastication

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)

blood supply of muscles of mastication

maxillary artery (branch of the external carotid artery)

what are the 4 parts of the temporal bone

-mandibular fossa


-glenoid fossa


-articular eminence


-articular fossa

What are the 4 major parts of the temporomandibular joint?

-temporal bone


-mandible


-articular disc


-capusle

what part of the TMJ is a fiborus pad of dense collagen tissue that prevents bone to bone contact and divides the joint into upper and lower synovial cavities (thickest at the posterior, and thinner in the center) and moves with the condyle under normal function

articular disc

what part of the TMJ is a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the joint reinforces by the TMJ ligament inner lining and secretes synovial fluid

capsule

What causes rotation of the TMJ

condyle rotates in the fossa

what causes the translation of the TMJ

condyle slides forward along the articular fossa to the articular eminence (disc moves with condyle in health)

what causes trismus of the TMJ

hypomobility from trauma, disease, and bruxism

what 3 muscles of mastication elevate

-masseter


-temporalis


-medial pterygoid

what muscles of mastication depresses

lateral pterygoid muscles (working with the hyoid muscles)


what muscle of mastication initiate protrusion

lateral pterygoid

what muscle of mastication initiate retrusion

temporalis

what muscle of mastication initiates lateral shift

lateral ptyergoid

innervation of the muscles of facial expression is caused by

facial nerve (VII)

the blood supply to the muscles of facial expression is from

the facial artery (branch of the external carotid artery)

levator

lifts

depressor

pulls down

anguli

angle

orbicularis

circular

oculi

eye

oris

mouth

nasii

nose

labii

lip

superioris

upper

inferiorirs

lower

aleque

side

T/F: if the muscle of facial expression inserts into the mouth an origin above the mouth will contribute to a smile

True

T/F: if a muscle of facial expression is below the mouth it will contribute to a smile?

F: contribue to a frown

what 3 muscles help us smile?

-zygomaticus


-levator anguli oris


-risorius

hyperactivity of what muscle makes the lower lip retraction difficult

mentalis

what muscle compresses the cheek, is enlarged with bruxism, and originates from the ptyergomandibular rahpe and inserts into the muscles of the lip

buccinator

What muscles originate from the hyoid bone

hyoid muscles

what muscles are important for chewing, swallowing, and speaking since they comprise the floor of the mouth

hyoid muscles

what muscles work with the lateral pterygoid muscles to open the mouth

hyoid muscles

what nerves are responsible for hyoid muscles innervation

trigeminal (V)


facial nerve (VII)

the muscle group below the hyoid bone that stabalize the hyoid bone

infrahyoid muscles

what are the 4 infrahyoid muscles

-thryohyoid


-sternohyoid


-sternothyroid


-omohyoid

muscle group above the hyoid bone and open the mouth (depress the mandible)

suprahyoid muscles

what are the 4 suprahyoid muscles

-mylohyoid


-geniohyoid


-digastric


-sylohyoid

the ______ muscles make up the floor of the mouth

mylohyoid

what are the 2 muscles of the neck

-sternocleidomastoid


-trapezius

innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

accessory never (XI)

innervation of the trapezius muscle

accessory nerve (XI)

origin of the sternocleidomastoid

sternum (breastbone) and clavicle (collarbone)

insertion of the sternocleidomastoid

mastoid process of the temporal bone

funtion of the sternocleidmastoid

tilts and rotates the head

origin of the trapezius muscel

occipital and vertebrae bones

insertion of the trapezius

scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle

function of the trapezius

rotate and elevate the shoulders

pacemaker of the heart, in the right atrial wall

SA (SinoAtrial) node

supply the heart with blood

coronary arteries

carry blood to the hear

veins

carry blood away from the heart

arteries

measure blood pressure via large artery

brachial cuff

location of emergency pulse for adult

carotid

location of emergency pulse for child

brachial

nonemergency pulse for adult

radial

nonemergency pulse for child

brachial

deoxygenated blood flow of heart

-superior and inferior vena cavae (from body)


-right atrium


-tricuspid valve


-right ventricle


-pulmonary arter (to lungs)

oxygenated blood flow of heart

-pulmonary vein (from lungs)


-left atrium


-bicuspid valve


-left ventricle


-aorta (to body)

blood flow from the heart to the head

-aorta


-right side (brachiocephalic artery, branching to the common carotid)


-left side: common carotid


-right and left common carotid branch


-internal carotid: skull, eye, brain


-external carotid: everything else (teeth, muscles, tongue, face, lips)



blood flow to oral and facial structures is supplied by the 3 major branches of the _______

external carotid artery

what are the 3 branches of the external carotid artery

-maxillary


-lingual


facial

what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the teeth, muscles of mastication, adn ear

maxillary

what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the tongue and floor of the mouth

lingual

what branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood flow to the muscles of facial expression, lips, eyelids, soft palate, and throat

facial

what are the 6 veins of the head and neck

-internal jugular vein


-facial vein


-pterygoid plexus


-superficial temporal vein


-common facial vein


-cavernous sinus

Drains brain, facial vein, and superficial temporal vein

internal jugular vein

drains facial structures (nose, lips, eyes, submetal and submandibular areas)

facial

what vein is found near the pterygoid muscels, maxillary tuberosity, and sphenoid vein

pterygoid plexus

what vein drains to form the maxillary vein

pterygoid plexus

the teeth, muscles of mastication, buccinator, nose, and palate drain into the

pterygoid plexus

what vein may be pierced through improper angulation of the needle during the adminstration of the PSA block resulting in a hematoma

pterygoid plexus

what vein drains areas supplied by maxillary and superficial temporal arteries

superficial temporal vein

what 2 veins form the retromandibular vein

-superficial temporal vein


-maxillary vein

what vein reults in the union of the facial and retromandibular vein

common facial vein

sinus containing venous blood located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose

cavernous sinus

the teeth drain into the ______ which forms the ____

pterygoid plexus


maxillary vein

flow of blood into the veins of the head and neck

-the teeth drain into the pterygoid plexus which forms the maxillary vein


-blood is returned to the heart through the retromandibular vein, the external jugular vein, the subclavaian vein, brachiocephalic vein, and the superior vena cava to the right atrium

fetal pressure on the _____ could cause orthostatic hypotension

inferior vena cava

drop in blood pressure due to sudden change of posture

orthostatic hypotension

the ____ system is a network of tiny channels and nodes

lymphatic

helps the venous circulation return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream from the tissues of the body, and plays a key roll in our immune system

lymphatic system

what cells are derived from the stem cells in the bone marrow

lymphocytes

present in lymph nodes (T cells mature in the thymus) and respond to foreign antigens in the tissue fluids

lymphocytes

what do tender and/or enlarged lymph nodes indicate?

infection or malignancy

what are the 8 lymph node groups

-parotid nodes


-buccal nodes


-occipital nodes


-superficial cervical nodes


-anterior cervical nodes


-submental nodes


-submandibular nodes


-deep cervical nodes (superior/inferior)


What lymph node drains fluid from the mandibular incisors, tip of tongue, midline of lip, chin, and floor of the mouth

submental nodes

what lymph node drains the submental nodes and remaining teeth (may or may not include 3rd molars)

submandibular teeth

what lymph node drains the submandibular noes, 3rd molars, and the wall of the throat (includes retropharyngeal nodes)

deep cervical nodes

what lymph node drains structures of the oropharynx

superior deep cervical nodes

what lymph node drains the superior deep cervical nodes

inferior depe cervical nodes

first node affected by a disease process

primary node

the second set of nodes affected by a disease process

secondary node

the third nodal set affected by a disease process

tertiary node

blood supply to the tongue

lingual arterty

innervation of the tongue: 4 nerves

-XII (hypoglossal)


-V3 (trigeminal: mandibular)


-VII (facial)


-IX (glossopharyngeal)

intrinsic muscles ___ and ____ within the tongue

start and end

determine the shape of the tongue

intrinsic muscles

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

-superior and inferior longitudinalis


-transverse and vertical groups

____ muscles originate elsewhere and insert into the tongue

extrinsic

control and position of the tongue

extrinsic msucles

4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

-hyoglossus


-styloglossus


-genioglosus


-palatoglossus

palatoglossus is innervated by what 2 nerves

vagus (X)


accessory (XI)

what are the 4 types of paillae

-filiform


-fungiform


-foliate


-circumvallate

keratinized papillae protect the tongue

filliform

contain no taste buds

filiform

most numerous papillae

filiform

give tongue its velvet appearance

filiform

elongation of what pipllae is known as hairy tongue

filiform

few,larger (appear as red bumps) and contain taste buds

fungiform

found in the folds of tissue at the posterior, lateral border

foliate

what papillae: 8-12 in number

circumvallate


just anterior to the sulcus terminalis

circumvallate

contain taste buds and gland of von ebner

circumvallate

v-shapped line separating the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

sulcus terminalis

found at the center or point of the sulcus terminalis and is the site of embryonic origin of the thyroid gland

foramen caecum

the salivary glands are _____ glands (they have ducts)

exocrine

salivary gland ducts are lined by _______

stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

the flow of saliva is stimulated by the _____ system

parasympathetic nervous system

produces 65% of total saliva

submandibular gland

duct of the submandibular gland

whartons duct

where does the whartons duct empty?

under the tongue

has mixed secretion (mostly serous)

submandibular

what salivary gland is located near the angle/body of the mandible (staphnes defect)

submandibular

what 2 salivary glands are inervated by what facial (VII) parasympathtic cranial nerve

submandibular and sublingual

produces 10 of total saliva

sublingual

what is the sublingual duct

ducts of rivinus

how many ducts of rivinus are there

8-20

where do the ducts of rivinus empty

under the tonuge

where to the ducts of rivinus open

ate the sublingual fold (bartholins duct)

mixed secretion (mostly mucous)

sublingual

located in floor of mouth near midline

sublingual

produces 25% of total saliva

parotid

parotid gland duct

stensons duct

where does the stensons duct empty?

opposite the maxillary molars

serous secretion only

parotid

salva produced by the ____ gland contains amylase for break down of starches

parotid

what salivary gland is located in front of and below the ears

parotid

duct found in the sublingual fold

bartholins duct

contains the duct opening for both the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

sublingual caruncle

what are the 3 developmental layers of a human embryo

-ectoderm


-mesoderm


-endoderm

what developmental layer forms the outer covering of the body, lining of the oral cavity, and includes enamel and nervous tissue

ectoderm

what developmental layer forms skeletal and muscular systems, and organs

mesoderm

what developmental layer forms epithelial linings of the internal organs

endoderm

development of the face begins at week ____ with the formation of the _____

3


stomodeum

tooth enamel form from _____ lining of the stomodeum

ectoderm

dentin and pulp form from _______

extromesenchyme

derived from embryonic ectoderm adjacent to the underlying mesenchymal tissue

ectomesenchyme

at what stage does the dental lamina (ectodermal thickening) grow into the underlying mesenchymal (connective) tissue at 20 places to form the primary teeth

BUD stage

at what stage does the ectoderm lining the stomodeum gives rise to oral epithelium and the dental lamina

initiation stage

at what stage does the enamel organ develops from the dental lamina and will produce enamel

CAP stage

the dental papilla arises from the _____


and produces the ____ and _____

connective tissue (ectomesenchyme)


pulp and dentin

the dental sac surrounds the developing tooth and becomes the _____



(hint: 3 structures)

PDL


cementum


alveolar bone

at what stage do cells increase in number and for and bell shape

BELL stage

the enamel organ has ____ distinct layers

4

what are the 4 layers of the enamel organ

outer enamel epithelium


stellate reticulum


stratum intermedium


inner enamel epithelium

the inner enamel epithelium becomes ______

ameloblasts

what produces enamel

ameloblasts

the basement membrane separates the _____ from the ____

IEE


dental papilla

odontoblasts are from the _______

dental papilla

odontoblasts produce

dentin

the greatest extent of differenciation occurs at what stage of oontogenesis

Bell stage

at what stage of odontogenesis is there ayer by layer formation of tooth structure

apposttion stage

at what stage of odontogenesis does tooth tissues fully mineralize with hydroxyapatite

maturation stage

crystalized calcium phosphate

hydroxyapatite

the four layers of the enamel condensed together after production of the enamel

reduced enamel epithelium

most of the REE is lost after___

eruption

the reaining parts of the REE after tooth eruption

junctional epithelium

used as the blueprint for the root outline

hertwig's epthelial root sheath

dissolves after root formation

hertwigs epithelial root sheath

remaining cells of the HERS

rests of malassez

may be a source of cysts in the PDL

rests of malassez

96% mineralized

enamel

produced by ameloblasts from the IEE

enamel

incremental lines form mineralization

lines of retzius

ends of odontoblastic processes crossing DEJ

enamel spindles

70% mineralized

dentin

froms greatest bulk of the tooth

dentin

produced by odontoblasts from dental papilla

dentin

deposited before completion of tooth root

primary dentin

what are the two types of primary dentin

mantle dentin


circumpulpal dentin

1st layer of dentin immediately adjacent to DEJ (around pulp)

mantle dentin

what layer of dentin contains korffs fibers (thick heavy collagen)

mantle dentin

remainder of dentin that isn't around pulp

circumpulpal dentin

what kind of dentin develops after crown is in occlusion

secondary

hold odontoblastic processes

dentinal tubules

what causes pain in dentinal tubules

fluid movement

what contains fibroblasts, odontoblasts, histiocyts, blood vessels nerves, pulp stones

pulop

50% mineralized (same as bone)

cementum

found on surface of the root produced by cementoblasts located in the PDL

cementum

cementum contains ______ in lacunae

cementocytes

cementum is thinnest at the ____

cervical

cementum is thickest at the ____

apex

nourishment for the cementum is obtained from the ____

PDL

the oral mucosa is composed of what kind of epithelial layer

stratified squamous epithlium

the oral mucosa is composed of a ____ layer and a _______

epithelial layer


connective tissue

connective tissue of oral muscos

lamina propria

the epithelial layer and the lamina propria of the oral mucosa is separated by the

basement membrane

becomes the DEJ in the developing tooth

basement membrane