Kaplan Ap Bio Prep

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Abiotic

Back 1

nonliving, as in the physical environment

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absorption

Back 2

the process by which water and dissolved substances pass through a membrane

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acoelomate

Back 3

an animal that lacks a coelom, exhibits bilateral symmetry, and has one internal space, the digestive cavity

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action potential

Back 4

the change in electrical potential across a nerve or muscle cell when stimulated, as in a nerve impulse

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active immunity

Back 5

protective immunity to a disease in which the individual produces antibodies as a result of previous exposure to the antigen

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adaptation

Back 6

a behavioral or biological change that enables an organism to adjust to its environment

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adaptive radiation

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the production of a number of different species from a single ancestral species

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adenine

Back 8

a purine base that pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

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adenosine phosphate

Back 9

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which are energy-storage molecules

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adipose

Back 10

fatty tissue, fat-storing tissue, or fat within cells

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adrenaline (epinephrine)

Back 11

an "emergency" hormone stimulated by anger or fear; increases blood pressure and heart rate to supply the emergency needs of the muscles

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adventitious roots

Back 12

roots that develop in an unusual place

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aerobe

Back 13

an organism that requires oxygen for respiration and can live only in the presence of oxygen

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aerobic

Back 14

requiring free oxygen from the atmosphere for normal activity and respiration

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aerobic catabolism

Back 15

metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones through the use of oxygen; results in the release of energy

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agnostic response

Back 16

response of aggression or submission between two organisms

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allele

Back 17

one of two or more types of genes, each representing a particular trait; many alleges exist for a specific gene locus

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allopatric speciation

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evolution of species that occurs in separate geographic areas

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alternation of generations

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the description of a plant life cycle that consists of a diploid, asexual, sporophyte generation and a haploid, sexual, gametophyte generation

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anaerobe

Back 20

an organism that does not require free oxygen to respire

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anaerobic

Back 21

living or active in the absence of free oxygen; pertaining to reparation that is independent of oxygen

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anaerobic catabolism

Back 22

metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones without the use of oxygen; results in the release of energy

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analogous

Back 23

describes structures that have similar function but different evolutionary origins (i.e. a bird's wing and a moth's wing)

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anaphase

Back 24

the stage in mitosis that is characterized by the migration of chromatids to opposite ends of the cell; the stage in meiosis during which homologous pairs migrate (anaphase I); and the stage in meiosis during which chromatids migrate to different ends of the cell (anaphase II)

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androgen

Back 25

a male sex hormone (e.g. testosterone)

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angiosperm

Back 26

a flowering plant; a plant of the class Angiospermae that produces seeds enclosed in an ovary and is characterized by the possession of fruit and flowers

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Animalia

Back 27

kingdom that includes all extinct and living animals

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antibiotic

Back 28

an antipathogenic substance (e.g. penicillin)

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antibody

Back 29

globular proteins produced by tissues that destroy or inactivate antigens

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antigen

Back 30

a foreign protein that stimulates the production of antibodies when introduced into the body of an organism

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appendage

Back 31

a structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movements

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Archea

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kingdom of an ancient group of microorganisms (bacteria) that are metabolically and genetically different from other bacteria; they came before the eukaryotes

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artery

Back 33

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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asexual reproduction

Back 34

the production of daughter cells by means other than the sexual union of gametes (as in budding and binary fission)

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ATPase

Back 35

adenosine triphosphatase; enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, thereby releasing energy

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autonomic nervous system

Back 36

the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary muscles, such as the walls of the alimentary canal; includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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autosomal genes

Back 37

non-sex-linked genes

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autosome

Back 38

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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autotroph

Back 39

an organism that utilizes the energy of inorganic materials such as water and carbon dioxide or the sun to manufacture organic materials; plants are examples of autotrophs

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axon

Back 40

a nerve fiber

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bacteria

Back 41

kingdom of single-celled organisms that reproduce by fission and can be spiral, rod, or spherical shaped; often pathogenic organisms that rapidly reproduce

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base-pair substitution

Back 42

when one base pair in incorrectly reproduced and substituted for another base pair

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bilateral symmetry

Back 43

the equal division of an organism into a left and right half

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bile

Back 44

a emulsifying agent secreted by the liver

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bile salts

Back 45

compounds in bile that aid in emulsification

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binary fission

Back 46

asexual reproduction; in this process, the parent organism splits into two equal daughter cells

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binomial nomenclature

Back 47

the system of naming an organism by its genus and species names

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biological species concept (BSC)

Back 48

definition of a species as a naturally interbreeding population of organisms that produces viable, fertile, offspring

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biotic(non-life definition)

Back 49

a habitat zone, such as a desert, grassland, or tundra

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biotic (life definition)

Back 50

living, as in living organisms in the environment

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Calvin cycle

Back 51

cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrates through the addition of electrons (also known as the "dark cycle")

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CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

Back 52

storage of carbon dioxide at night in the form of organic acids

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carbohydrate

Back 53

an organic compound to which hydrogen and oxygen are attached; the hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio; examples include sugars, starches, and cellulose

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carbon cycle

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the recycling of carbon from decaying organisms for use in future generations

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carbon fixation

Back 55

conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds during the Calvin cycle, the second stage of photosynthesis; known as a "dark reaction"

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carnivore

Back 56

a flesh-eating animal; an animal that subsists on other animals or parts of animals

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carrying capacity

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the number of organisms an environment can support

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catabolism

Back 58

metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones, releasing energy

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cell

Back 59

smallest structural unit of an organism

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cell wall

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a wall composed of cellulose that is external to the call membrane in plants; it is primarily involved in support and in the maintenance of proper internal pressure; fungi have cell walls made of chitin, and some protists also have cell walls

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central nervous system (CNS)

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encompasses the brain and the spinal cord

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chemiosmosis

Back 62

the coupling of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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chi-squared analysis

Back 63

test to see if a theory is backed up by experimental results

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chlorphyll

Back 64

a green pigment that performs essential functions as an electron donor and light entrapper in photosynthesis

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chloroplast

Back 65

a plastid containing chlorphyll

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chromatid

Back 66

one of the two strands that constitute a chromosome; chromatids are held together by the centromere

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chromatin

Back 67

a nuclear protein of chromosomes that stains readily

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chromosome

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a short, stubby rod consisting of chromatin that is found in the nucleus of cells; contains the genetic or hereditary component of cells (in the form of genes)

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chromosome map

Back 69

the distribution of genes on a chromosome, derived from crossover frequency experiments

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circadian rhythms

Back 70

daily cycles of behavior

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circulatory system

Back 71

system that circulated blood throughout the body; includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels

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cleavage

Back 72

the division in animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane

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clotting

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the coagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets and the interaction of fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin, and calcium ion

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codominant

Back 74

the state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither dominates

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codon

Back 75

three adjacent nucleotides that signal to insert an amino acid into the genetic code or end protein synthesis

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coelom

Back 76

the space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phyla

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coelomates

Back 77

organisms that contain a coelom

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coenzyme

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an organic cofactor required for enzyme activity

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commensal

Back 79

describes an organism that lives symbiotically with a host; this host neither benefits nor suffers from the association

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communities

Back 80

groups of interacting organisms that live in the same geographic area under similar environmental conditions

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complementary base pairs

Back 81

pairing of purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA

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concentration gradient

Back 82

difference in concentration of a solute between two areas of a solution

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conditioning

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the association of a physical, visceral response with an environmental stimulus with which it is snot naturally associated; a learned response

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cone

Back 84

a cell in the retina that is sensitive to colors and is responsible for color vision

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conifer

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phylum of cone-bearing gymnosperm trees and shrubs that are primarily needle- and scale-leaved

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connective tissue

Back 86

highly vascular matrix that forms the supporting and connecting structures of the body

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consumer

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organism that consumes food from outside itself instead of producing it (primary, secondary, and tertiary)

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convergent

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adaptive evolution of similar structures, such as wings

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coupled reaction

Back 89

chemical reaction in which energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other through a common intermediate

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cristae

Back 90

inward fold of the mitochondrial membrane

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crossing over

Back 91

the exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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cytokinesis

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a process by which the cytoplasm and the organelles of the cell divide; the final stage of mitosis

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cytoplasm

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the living matter of a cell, located between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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cytosine

Back 94

a nitrogen base that is present in nucleotides and nucleic acids; it is paired with guanine

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cytoskeleton

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the organelle that provides mechanical support and carries out motility functions for the cell

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dark (Calvin) cycle

Back 96

processes that occur after the light reactions of photosynthesis (during carbon fixation), without the presence of light

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Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)

Back 97

naturalist who came up with the theory of evolution based on natural selection

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decomposers

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organisms that feed on a break down dead plant or animal matter

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degree of freedom (d.f)

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independent statistical category; the number of categories of observation minus one

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deletion

Back 100

the loss of all or part of a chromosome

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dendrite

Back 101

the part of the neuron that transmits impulses to the cell body

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density-dependent factors

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effects that increase with population density and smaller population size

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density-independent factors

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effects that are independent of population size

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deoxyribose

Back 104

a five-carbon sugar that has