--Ap Bio Chapter 27

Front 1

T/F: There are archaean prokaryotes that can live in salinity that would kill most all other organisms because they pump out K+ ions until their insides match the concentration of the environment.

Back 1

True

Front 2

Most bacteria are _ - _ μm.

Back 2

.5 - 5

Front 3

What are the names for spherical and rod-shaped bacteria, respectively?

Back 3

Cocci and bacilli

Front 4

What are the suffixes describing the number of bacteria within a sample?

Back 4

Di - 2, strepto - chains, staphylo - grapelike clusters

Front 5

Most bacterial walls contain _, a network of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides.

Back 5

Peptidoglycan (archaeal walls lack this)

Front 6

What type of bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan?

Back 6

Gram-positive

Front 7

What type of bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex?

Back 7

Gram-negative (contain lipopolysaccharides, carbs bonded to lipids)

Front 8

Why do antibiotics work (mostly on gram-positive bacteria)?

Back 8

Because they inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking and cause the cell wall to no longer be functional

Front 9

A sticky layer covering the cell wall of many prokaryotes is called the...

Back 9

Capsule

Front 10

What are the two names for hairlike protein appendages called?

Back 10

Fimbriae and attachment pili

Front 11

What are appendages called that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other?

Back 11

Sex pili

Front 12

T/F: Prokaryotic flagella are much smaller and different in composition than eukaryotic flagella.

Back 12

True

Front 13

What is taxis, chemotaxis, and what are the types of this?

Back 13

Taxis is the movement of flagella in response to a stimulus, chemotaxis being in response to a chemical; positive is movement toward nutrients, oxygen or other bacteria; negative is away from a toxic substance.

Front 14

A region of cytoplasm in a prokaryote that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs where the DNA is found is called the...

Back 14

Nucleoid

Front 15

The much smaller rings of separately-replicating DNA in a prokaryote is called a...

Back 15

Plasmid

Front 16

T/F: Prokaryotes are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times.

Back 16

True

Front 17

What resistant cells can some bacteria form when an essential nutrient is lacking?

Back 17

Endospores (where a copied chromosome is surrounded by a hard wall, removed of all water, and then separated to survive on its own)

Front 18

T/F: Prokaryotes are so diverse that just the rRNA gene from two strains of e.coli differ more than the same genes from a human and a platypus.

Back 18

True

Front 19

T/F: Mutations in bacteria are so common that, after all the math, about 9 million will have encountered mutations in just ONE human host because of the high rate of reproduction.

Back 19

True

Front 20

The combining of DNA from two sources is called...

Back 20

Genetic recombination

Front 21

What three processes can bring about genetic recombination from two different individuals in prokaryotes?

Back 21

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Front 22

What is transformation?

Back 22

It is when an alive prokaryote is subject to DNA of another organism and incorporates this DNA into its own genome, creating a recombinant chromosome.

Front 23

What is transduction?

Back 23

It is when a virus (bacteriophage) takes the DNA of of bacteria and then injects it into the genome of another, (it usually cannot reproduce itself bc it then lacks its own DNA), and thus recombinant chromosomes are made.

Front 24

Does the original infecting phage or a new one created by the bacterial host cell infect the recipient bacteria?

Back 24

A new one containing DNA from the host cell

Front 25

What is conjugation?

Back 25

A process in which genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells, using sex pili and a "mating bridge"

Front 26

What must a bacteria have in its genome in order to be able to form sex pili and to perform conjugation? Where may it exist?

Back 26

The F (fertility) factor; may exist in the plasmid or in the bacterial chromosome

Front 27

What is the difference between an F+ and an F- bacterium?

Back 27

F+ have the F factor in the plasmid and are the donors during conjugation; F- do NOT have the F factor and are the recipients during conjugation

Front 28

T/F: Chromosomal genes (rather than plasmid genes) can be transferred during conjugation when the donor cell's F factor is integrated into the chromosome.

Back 28

True

Front 29

A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome is called an...

Back 29

Hfr cell (high frequence of recombination cell)

Front 30

T/F: In conjugation between F+ and F- bacteria, both end up with half of the original F plasmid, and half of a new, replicated plasmid.

Back 30

True

Front 31

What ultimately happens in conjugation and transfer of part of an HFR bacterial chromosome?

Back 31

The recipient bacterial chromosome is recombinant but does not contain a full F factor; it is still F-.

Front 32

Resistance genes in bacterial plasmids are called...

Back 32

R plasmids

Front 33

T/F: Even R plasmids can sometimes code for sex pili and thus increase the amount of bacteria with resistance genes.

Back 33

True

Front 34

So what are the 3 main reasons for the rapid adaptations of prokaryotes?

Back 34

Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination

Front 35

Organisms that need only an inorganic compound such as CO2 for a carbon source are called...

Back 35

Autotrophs (light users are called phototrophs)

Front 36

What type of organisms require at least one other organic nutrient, such as glucose, to make other organic compounds?

Back 36

Heterotrophs

Front 37

How does a chemoautotroph differ from a photoautotroph?

Back 37

It needs inorganic substances (NH3, H2S, Fe2+) in addition to CO2 but in replacement of light.

Front 38

What type of animals harness energy from light but most obtain carbon in organic form?

Back 38

Photoheterotrophs

Front 39

What are humans?

Back 39

Chemoheterotrophs

Front 40

When prokaryotes convert atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) it is called...

Back 40

Nitrogen fixation

Front 41

Within an bacterial filament colony, some bacteria undergo photosynthesis while others perform nitrogen fixation. What are these nitrogen-fixing bacteria called?

Back 41

Heterocytes

Front 42

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies known as...

Back 42

Biofilms

Front 43

Why are archaean "methanogens" named this?

Back 43

Because they have methane as a huge waste product (obligate anaerobes)

Front 44

In proteobacteria, what subgroup is closely associated with eukaryotic hosts?

Back 44

Alpha

Front 45

In proteobacteria, what subgroup are generally soil bacteria?

Back 45

Beta

Front 46

In proteobacteria, what subgroup includes bacteria that oxidize sulfur?

Back 46

Gamma

Front 47

In proteobacteria, what subgroup secretes slime?

Back 47

Delta

Front 48

In proteobacteria, what subgroup is generally pathogenic?

Back 48

Epsilon

Front 49

Spirochetes move by...

Back 49

Rotating through their environments

Front 50

What are the bacteria with plant-like, oxygen-generating photosynthesis?

Back 50

Cyanobacteria

Front 51

What is the smaller organism (not the host) called in a symbiotic relationship?

Back 51

The symbiont

Front 52

Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms are called...

Back 52

Exotoxins

Front 53

Lipopolysaccharids components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria are called...

Back 53

Endotoxins (released only after death)

Front 54

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water is called...

Back 54

Bioremediation