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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"little organs"
structures in cells |
organelles
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portion of cell outside nucleus
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cytoplasm
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two membranes surrounding the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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granular material in nucleus
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chromatin
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threadlike structures containing the genetic information
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chromosomes
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small dense region where assembly of ribosomes begins
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nucleolus
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The _______ contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
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nucleus
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Proteins are assembled on ________.
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ribosomes
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small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
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ribsomes
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an internal membrane system where eukaryotic cells are found
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endoplasmic reticulum
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The ________ is the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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an organelle where proteins produced in the rough ER move into
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Golgi apparatus
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The function of the _________ is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
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Golgi apparatus
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small organelles filled with enzymes
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lysosomes
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saclike structures that store materials.
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vacuoles
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_________ are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell use.
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mitochondria
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Plants and some other organisms contain ___________.
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chloroplasts
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__________ are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called ___________.
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chloroplasts
photosynthesis |
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________ and ____________ contain their own DNA
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chloroplasts and mitochondria
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A structure that helps support the cell.
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cytoskeleton
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The ________ is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. This is also involved in movement.
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cytoskeleton
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_______ are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division/
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centrioles
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What is the cell theory?
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1. all living things are composed of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. new cells come from existing cells |
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The cells of eukaryotes have a ________; the cells of a _________ do not.
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nucleus
prokaryotes |
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Eukaryotic cells have a variety of specialized structures called _________.
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organelles
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Cells throughout an organism can perform different tasks through the process of __________.
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cell specialization
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The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are:
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cell, tissue, organ, organ sys, organism
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A ________ is a group of similar cells that perform particular functions.
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tissues
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What are the four main types of animal cells?
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1. muscle
2. epithelial 3. nervous 4. connective |
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Many groups of tissues working together are _________.
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organs
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A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an ________.
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organ system
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All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier known as the ___________.
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cell membrane
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Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as the __________.
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cell wall
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The cell membrane regulates ___________ and also provides ____________.
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what enters and leaves the cell
protection and support |
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The composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double layered sheet called a __________.
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lipid bilayer
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The main function of the cell wall is to provide ___________.
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protection and support for the cell
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The ________ of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution.
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concentration
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Moving from high to low concentration is called _________.
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diffusion
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Diffusion moves from ________ to _______.
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high to low
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When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached _______.
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equilibrium
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Because diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across ________, without requiring the cell to use ________.
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cell membrane
energy |
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__________ is the diffusion of ________ through a selectively permeable membrane.
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osmosis
water |
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When the solutions are the same strength, they are __________.
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isotonic
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When the solutions are above strength, they are ______.
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hypertonic
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When the solution is below strength, they are _______.
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hypotonic
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When proteins help a substance across a membrane to diffuse, __________ takes place.
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facilitated diffusion
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In rare occasions when material move against diffusion, the process is known as __________, which requires ____________.
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active transport
energy |
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__________ is the process of taking material into the cell by means of in foldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.
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endocytosis
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In ____________, extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole.
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phagocytosis
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Pinched off vacuoles are made through ___________.
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pinocytosis
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During __________, the membrane of the vacuole fuses with the cell membrane.
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exocytosis
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Name the 7 differences btw. prokaryotes and eukaryotes (according to prokaryotes).
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PROKARYOTES-
1. no nucleues 2. simple 3. only 3 organelles- cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes 4. only 1, circular chromosomes 5. usually very small 6. unicellular only 7. only bacteria |
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In a hypotonic solution, water moves _______ a cell.
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into
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In a hypertonic solution, water moves _______ a cell.
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out of
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An isotonic solution has reached ________.
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equilibrium
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Who invented the microscope?
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Leewenhoek
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Who invented the cell? What did he name it after?
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Hooke
a monastery's tiny cells |
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What did German botanist Matthias Schledien conclude?
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all plants were made of cells
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What did German botanist Theodor Schwann conclude?
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all animals were made of cells
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Who summarized his work with the cell theory?
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Virchow
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Why are electron microscopes capable of revealing details much smller than those seen through light microscopes?
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Because electron wavelenghths are much smaller than those of light.
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Do prokaryotes grow and reproduce?
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yes
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Are prokaryotes large, multicellular organisms?
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no
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Are prokaryotes more complex than eukaryotes? Which is older?
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no
prokaryotes |
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Do prokaryotes have a cell membrane and cytoplasm?
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yes
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Are all eukaryotes large, multicellular organisms?
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No, some are unicellular
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"Before the nucleus," Organsims who cells lack nuclei, an example is bacteria, they are unicellular
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prokaryotes
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"True nucleus," Organisms whose cells contain nucleus, examples are animals, plants, fungi, and protis
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eukaryotes
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Name the four eukaryotes.
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animals, plants, fungi, and protis
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What is an organelle?
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little organs within the cells
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What is the "circular center" of the cell?
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nucleolus
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What is the "spaghetti looking" stuff insdie the cell?
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chromatin (DNA)
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What "layer" encomposes the nucleus?
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nuclear membrane
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What looks like "free floating pasta"?
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centrioles
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What looks like "a cut open bean"?
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mitochondrion
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What looks like "folded without dots"?
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Golgi apparatus
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What surrounds the entire cell?
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cell membrane
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What is the outermost covering of a plant cell?
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cell wall
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What looks like "a bean with coins stacked on top"? In which cell is this found?
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chloroplasts
plants |
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What looks like "a squishy tube" and is filled with water? In which cell is this found?
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central vacuole
plant |
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What do plant cells include that animal cells do not?
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chloroplasts and cell wall
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What do animal cells include that most plant cells do not?
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lysosomes
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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to store DNA and nucleolus
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What important molecules does the nucleus contain?
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chromatin and chromosomes
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What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? How are they alike?
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Chromatin is uncoiled chromosomes and chromosomes are tightly bound. They are both containers for DNA.
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The granular material within the nucleus is called the ________.
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chromatin
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What are the two components of chromatin?
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DNA bound to protein
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What are chromosomes?
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threadlike structures carrying DNA
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Most nuclei contain a small, dense region known as the _________.
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nucleolus
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What two things occur in the nucleolus?
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1. the assembly of ribosomes begins
2. decisions are made for the cell |
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What is the nuclear membrane (envelope)?
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a protective shell covering the nucleus
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What are ribosomes?
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the particles of RNA and protein found in the cytoplasm?
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What is cellular fluid?
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cytoplasm
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What do ribosomes make?
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proteins
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What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
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Rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER performs specialized tasks.
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What does rough ER have that smooth ER doesn't?
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ribosomes
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What makes lipids?
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rough ER
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Where does the Golgi apparatus send things?
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outside of the cell
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What does "lyso" mean?
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to break
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Do lysosomes synthesize lipids?
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no
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Do lysosomes break down organelles that are old?
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yes
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Do lysosomes produce proteins?
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no
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Do lysosomes contain enzymes that break down lipids, carbs, and proteins?
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yes
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What are vacuoles?
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saclike structures that store
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What is the function of the central vacuole in plants?
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to support heavy structures, such as leaves
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How does the contractile vacuole in a paramecium help maintain homeostasis?
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it pumps excess water out of the cell
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What (two organelles) are enclosed by two membranes?
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chloroplasts and mitocohondria
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Chlroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of ______________. These two organelles used to be ________.
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DNA
prokaryotes |
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If a cell is like a city, describe the roles of:
1) nucleus 2) nucleolus 3) nuclear envelope 4) mitochondria 5) ER & ribosomes 6) Golgi apparatus 7) lysosomes 8) vacuoles 9) cytoskeleton |
1) nucleus- city hall
2) nucleolus- mayor 3) nuclear envelope- security guards 4) mitochondria-power plant 5) ER & ribosomes-factory 6) Golgi apparatus-post office 7) lysosomes- garbage men and police 8) vacuoles-storage warehouse 9) cytoskeleton-roads and bridges |
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What are the mitochondria?
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convert chemical energy stored in food into more useful compounds
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What does mitochondria make? How?
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ATP, through cellular respiration
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Are mitochondria found in plant, animal, or both?
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both
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What did biologist Margulis think about mitochondria and chloroplasts? Why?
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That they formed from prokaryotes because they carry their own DNA.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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The structure that helps support the cell.
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What are threadlike, solid structures made up of protein called actin that maintain cell shape, help build cilia, and flagella, and form centrioles in cell division?
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microfilaments
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What are hollow sructures made up of proteins known as tubulin that support the cell, and help cells move.
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microtubules
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If something is selectively permeable, it is made up of _________ lipids. It has a ________ head and ________ tail.
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phospho
phosphate hydrophilic head fatty acid hydrophobic tail |
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The phospho lipids make up the lipid _________.
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bilayer
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What are the two functions of the cell membrane?
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regulates what enters and leaves the cell
provides protection and support |
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The core of nearly all cell membranes is a double layered sheet called an _________.
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lipid bilayer
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In a cell membrane, proteins form ________ to help material across the membrane and carbohydrates act like _________ cards.
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channels
identification |
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In what organisms are cell walls found?
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plants
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Does the cell wall lie within the cell membrane?
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no
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What is the main function of the cell wall?
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to provide protection and support
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What are cell walls (plants) usually made of?
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cellulose
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What is the concentration of a substance?
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how much of a substance is in the solvent (water)
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What is diffusion?
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when particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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What kind of transport is diffusion? Does diffusion require energy?
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passive
no |
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What is meant when a system reaches equilibrium?
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the concentration of the solute is the same throughout
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What three things move easily and freely across the cell membrane?
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1. water
2. alcohol 3. oxygen |
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What does it mean that membranes are selectiely permeable?
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that some substances can pass across them and others can not
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What is osmosis?
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the diffusion of water
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When will water stop moving across a membrane?
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never
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If two solutions are isotonic, they are the ___________.
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same strength
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A solution is above strentgth in solute, it is ___________.
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hypertonic
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A solution is below strentgth in solute, it is _____________.
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hypotonic
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On which side of a selectively permeable membrane does osmosis exert a pressure?
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on the hypertonic side
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What happens during facilatated diffusion?
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the protein forms a tunnel to help diffusion
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What is the role of protein channels in a membrane?
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to allow substances through
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Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
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yes
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The energy requiring transport process that moves material across the cell membrane against a concentration difference is called _________.
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active transport
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What is endocytosis?
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taking material into the cell by means of infolding
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What is phagocytosis?
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packaging a particle in a food vacoule
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What is exocytosis?
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the contents are forced out of the cell by means of fusion
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During endocytosis, what happens to the pocket in the cell membrane when it breaks loose from the membrane?
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it forms a vacuole
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A single celled organism is called _________.
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unicellular
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What is cell specialization? How is it done?
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developing differently to perform different tasks
change in shape, composition, or organelles |
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What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms?
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cells
tissues organs organ sys organism |
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What is a tissue?
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A group of cell working toghether
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What are the four main types of tissues in animals?
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muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous
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Groups of tissues are called _________.
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organs
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A group of organs is a _________.
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organ sys
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