Journalism Final Exam

Front 1

3 standards of obscenity (Miller v California)

Back 1

1. Violate community standards. 2. Lack value (artistic, scientific). 3. Blatantly offensive (anyone who sees it would agree)

Front 2

Trigger hypothesis

Back 2

Porn will trigger violence and aggression in viewers.

Front 3

Safety valve hypothesis

Back 3

Sexual desires build up and must be released through pornography. If they are not released, they lead to violence.

Front 4

Anecdotal evidence

Back 4

Evidence in the form of a story or individual experience.

Front 5

Scientific evidence

Back 5

General patterns and data collected from many individuals.

Front 6

Three eras of communication history

Back 6

Tribal era, print era, and electronic era.

Front 7

Tribal Age

Back 7

Oral tradition and hearing were paramount.

Front 8

Print Age

Back 8

Printed word and seeing were paramount.

Front 9

Electronic Age

Back 9

Electronic media pervades our senses.

Front 10

Gutenberg Printing Press

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Printing press which spurred the age of print.

Front 11

Media

Back 11

The means by which we store and transmit information.

Front 12

A Global Village

Back 12

Electronic communication negates the issues with time and space and facilitates instant communication around the world.

Front 13

Media as an extension

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Book = extension of the eye. TV = extension of the ear. Electricity = extension of the nervous system.

Front 14

Hot Media

Back 14

High definition communication with not very much involvement from viewer. Ex: photographs

Front 15

Cool Media

Back 15

Low definition communication that demands active involvement. Eye has to work. Ex: pixels on a TV screen.

Front 16

Technological Determinism

Back 16

Belief that technology determines how individuals think, feel, and act, as well as how our society operates.

Front 17

Third-person effect

Back 17

We think that negative media influences everybody else more than it influences us.

Front 18

Social Distance Corollary

Back 18

The greater the distance between us and others, the greater the third person effect.

Front 19

Why does the Third Person Effect occur?

Back 19

Self-enhancement and desire to believe we are better than others.

Front 20

First Person Perspective

Back 20

We think that we are influenced more by positive, pro-social messages than others. Self-enhancement again.

Front 21

Behavioral component

Back 21

If we think others are more effected by negative media, we are more likely to try to censor that media.

Front 22

Sociogram

Back 22

Ego - center - you. Nodes - circles - others. Arcs - connecting lines.

Front 23

What threatens traditional advertising and marketing?

Back 23

Viral videos.

Front 24

Characteristics of a Social Network Site

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1. Public profiles. 2. List of connections. 3. Hyperlinks.

Front 25

Interactivity

Back 25

One-way or two-way. How much do we interact with this media?

Front 26

Structure

Back 26

Is it linear? Linear = print, TV, radio. Non-linear = computer, hyperlinks.

Front 27

Channel

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Visually, orally, or both? (TV = both, newspapers = visually, radio = orally.)

Front 28

Textuality

Back 28

How much of the content is in text form?

Front 29

Content

Back 29

What is the actual content?

Front 30

Social Capital definition & 2 types

Back 30

Access to resources and information. Enforceable trusts and reciprocity norms.

Front 31

Enforceable Trusts (Strong ties)

Back 31

High density (everyone knows each other), fast information flow, less diverse, small group, driven by social sanctions.

Front 32

Reciprocity Norms (Weak ties)

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Low density (not everyone knows each other), slow information flow, more diverse, large group, driven by the norm of reciprocity.

Front 33

Problems with Social Network Sites

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Lots of lurking on social media is correlated with more depression while having more online friends and posting a lot is correlated with less depression.

Front 34

Social Augmentation

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Using social networks enhances our social relationships.

Front 35

Social Displacement

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Social media displaces other things you could be doing.

Front 36

Social Compensation

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When people have a small social group in real life, they compensate by connecting with more people on social media.

Front 37

4 dimensions of media

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Semantic affinity, hedonic valence, excitatory potential, absorption potential

Front 38

Excitatory Potential

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Media can be arousing or calming.

Front 39

Absorption Potential

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Media can either absorb us or not draw us in very much.

Front 40

Semantic Affinity

Back 40

Media can be more or less similar to our current mood.

Front 41

Hedonic value

Back 41

Media can be pleasant or unpleasant

Front 42

Implicit memory

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Detailed, specific events.

Front 43

Explicit memory

Back 43

Overall emotion during event.

Front 44

Slasher films

Back 44

Connecting sex with violence.

Front 45

Conclusions about dangers of sexual content

Back 45

Unrealistic expectations, desensitization.

Front 46

Definition of emotion

Back 46

a relatively brief state of arousal that is valenced positively or negatively

Front 47

Valence

Back 47

Whether the emotion is positive or negative

Front 48

Arousal

Back 48

Intensity of emotion

Front 49

Still face experiment

Back 49

Mother stares at baby. Shows how we innately react to emotions or lack of them.

Front 50

Five primary emotions

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Fear, sadness, happiness, anger, disgust

Front 51

Secondary emotions

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Embarrassment, guilt, nervousness, shame. Come as a response to a primary emotion or from blending emotions.

Front 52

Perceptual stage

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Years 2-7. Concrete visual appearance of things dominates child's reactions. Child perceives everything as real.

Front 53

Conceptual stage

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Years 7+. Developing logic/processing skills, shift towards abstract thought. Frightened of what seems possible and has a poor sense of what events depicted in media are actually possible.

Front 54

3 ways media influences emotions

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Triggers an emotional reaction, alters our emotions, and reinforces our emotions.

Front 55

Law of apparent reality

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Emotions come from events believed to be real and intensity corresponds with the degree to which this is the case. When we consume media, we evaluate the level of threat vs how realistic it is.

Front 56

Mood management theory

Back 56

Predicts our entertainment choices are a function of our emotion state in the present moment and how we think consuming certain media will make us feel.

Front 57

Theory of excitation transfer

Back 57

When you get excited by the media, this excitement transfers to other emotions you have. For example, if you watch an exciting sports game, and then your brother drops a computer on your foot, you will be angrier than if you had not watched the sports game.

Front 58

Perpetual linkage

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Tendency for youth to be constantly connected through technology. Downside: youth could become dependent on these connections.

Front 59

Mix of attributes approach

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Media has a common set of features/attributes. Differences in media can be seen as differences in attributes. This approach compares media on whether attributes are similar or different.

Front 60

6 media attributes

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Interactivity. Structure. Textuality. Control. Channel. Content.

Front 61

Two potential effects of social media

Back 61

Activity displacement, displacing strong ties.

Front 62

Marshall McLuhan

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Believed media was an extension of our physical bodies and each era had a dominant sense.

Front 63

2 types of displacement

Back 63

Activity displacement effect and strong social ties.

Front 64

Activity displacement effect

Back 64

Using the internet displaces other activities.

Front 65

Strong social ties displacement

Back 65

Relationships formed online are weaker than real life relationships.

Front 66

Media multiplexity theory

Back 66

We communicate more and in more ways with strong ties than with weak ties.

Front 67

Norm of reciprocity

Back 67

"I'll help you now and you'll help me later"

Front 68

Emotional atrophy

Back 68

The speed of response to other people's emotional cues. Predicted to get slower the more time you spend on screens.