Joints Overview

Front 1

What is a joint?

Back 1

where 2 or more bones articulate

Front 2

Articulation

Back 2

joint

Front 3

Athrology

Back 3

study of joints

Front 4

Joint stability and joint mobility have an

Back 4

inverse relationship

Front 5

Joint stability is determined by: (3)

Back 5

1. distance between bones
2. shape of bone surfaces
3. surrounding ligaments, tendons, and muscles

Front 6

Joints can be classified by 2 systems:

Back 6

1. Functional
2. Structural

Front 7

Functional classification is based on degree of

Back 7

mobility
synarthrosis, amphiathrosis, diarthrosis

Front 8

Synarthrosis (=synarthroidal joint)
characteristics
examples

Back 8

-no mobility, very stable/strong
-bones are close together
-space filed by cartilage or fibrous CT
ex. cranial sutures, join bet. epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone

Front 9

Amphiathrosis(=amphiarthrodial joint)
characteristics
examples

Back 9

-limited mobility
-ex. pubic symphysis and invertebral disc joints

Front 10

Diarthrosis (Diarthrodial joint)

Back 10

-highly mobile
-less stability, more space bet. bones of articulation
ex. all major joints: shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle

Front 11

Structural classification is based on

Back 11

how the bones are held together
fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint, synovial joint

Front 12

Fibrous joint characteristics

Back 12

-held together by fibrous CT
-mostly synarthroidial

Front 13

Fibrous examples

Back 13

1. cranial sutures (bet. bones of skull)
2. syndesmoses- tight ligaments hold together bones (ex. bet. radius and ulna)
3. gomphoses- bet. tooth and socket

Front 14

Cartilaginous joint characteristics

Back 14

-bones held together by cartilage
-range from synarthroidial to amphiarthordial

Front 15

Cartilaginous joint types/examples

Back 15

1. primary cartilaginous (aka synchondrosis)-- synarthrodial, united by hyaline cartilage
-ex. joint bet. epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone, joint bet. costal cartilage of rib#1 and sternum

2. Secondary cartilaginous (aka symphysis)
-united by fibrocartilage-shock absorber
-amphiarthrodial- allows little movement
ex. pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc joints, joint bet. body of sternum and manubrium

Front 16

Synovial

Back 16

mostly diarthrodial

Front 17

What are the three features that synovial joints have in common?

Back 17

1. joint capsule
2. joint cavity
3. articular cartilage

Front 18

What are the two parts of the joint capsule?

Back 18

1. fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane (synovium)

Front 19

The outer portion of capsule made of dense connective tissue, connects the opposing bones together; has sensory nerves

Back 19

Fibrous capsule

Front 20

Proprioception

Back 20

knowing where your body is in space

Front 21

Membrane that lines the inside of the fibrous capsule, and secretes synovial fluid

Back 21

Synovial membrane

Front 22

The functions of synovial fluid are

Back 22

1. lubrication of joint space
2. nourishment of cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
3. shock absorption during movement

Front 23

All synovial joints have a _____________, the space contained within a joint capsule

Back 23

joint cavity

Front 24

In order for a joint to be freely moveable, there must be a ___________ between ____________

Back 24

gap, opposing bones

Front 25

Joint cavity contains a thin filament of ____________

Back 25

synovial fluid

Front 26

All synovial joints have a layer of ______________ that covers the ends of the articulating joints

Back 26

articular cartilage

Front 27

Articular cartilage is similar to this kind of cartilage, but has no ____________

Back 27

hyaline; perichondrium

Front 28

This prevents the articulating bones from rubbing against each other

Back 28

Articular cartilage

Front 29

What is a ligament?

Back 29

Connective tissue that attaches 2 bones

Front 30

Function of a ligament

Back 30

limit/restrict movement and stabilize the joint

Front 31

What are the 2 types of ligaments?

Back 31

1. extrinsic ligaments-- separate/outside of joint capsule
2. intrinsic ligaments-- where it gets thicker

Front 32

The structure of articular discs/meniscus include:

Back 32

-fibrocartilage pads
-complete discs or partial discs

Front 33

The functions of articular discs/meniscus (2)

Back 33

1. cushioning
2. stability
3. increase range of motion

Front 34

The structure of a bursa includes

Back 34

fluid-filled synovial sacs

Front 35

The 2 functions of a bursa are:

Back 35

1. protects structures from friction
2. found where tendons glide over a bone or bet. skin/bone

Front 36

What is a non-communicating bursa and will dye be present?

Back 36

it is not connected to the joint cavity-- so no dye should be present

Front 37

What is a communicating bursa and will dye be present?

Back 37

it is connected to the joint cavity
dye will be present b/c joint and bursa share synovial fluid

Front 38

What is bursitis?

Back 38

inflammation of the bursa-- joint pain

Front 39

a CT structure that transmits the force of a skeletal muscle contraction to the bone, causing the bone to move is a:

Back 39

Tendon

Front 40

A bursa like structure that completely encloses a tendon, reducing friction and allows tendons to pass through carpal tunnels is a:

Back 40

Tendon Sheath

Front 41

Osteoarthritis is a

Back 41

degenerative joint disease

Front 42

Osteoarthritis is the ________________ form of arthritis

Back 42

most common

Front 43

Osteoarthritis is caused by ______________

Back 43

occupational stress; mechanical wear and tear, bony overgrowth

Front 44

Osteoarthritis can occur either:

Back 44

unilateral or bilateral

Front 45

What is rheumatoid arthritis characterized by:

Back 45

chronic, autoimmune, systemic, inflammatory
-affects small joints of hands and feet, not weight bearing joints

Front 46

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs:

Back 46

bilaterally

Front 47

Using non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicine treats:

Back 47

osteoarthritis

Front 48

What are the three basic types of movement that can occur at a joint:

Back 48

1. Linear motion
2. Angular motion
3. Rotational motion

Front 49

Types of synovial joints (4)

Back 49

1. Plane (gliding) joints
2. Hinge joints
3. Pivot joints
4. Ball and socket joints

Front 50

Plane (gliding) joints are found at:
example

Back 50

-flat articular surfaces
ex. joints bet. ribs and vertebrae

Front 51

Hinge joints allow for:
3 examples

Back 51

flexion and extension only
ex. elbow, ankle, knee

Front 52

Pivot joints allow for:

Back 52

rotation around a fixed point
example: joint bet. C1 and C2

Front 53

Ball and socket joints allow for:
example

Back 53

flexion/extension; abduction/adduction; rotation
ex. shoulder and hip